Iran s Support For International Terrorism - 3050 Words

Introduction The 1979 Revolution in Iran ended a truly symbiotic relationship between the United States and the Shah, thus creating the beginning of a longwinded road of economic sanctions imposed upon Iran. â€Å"As a result of Iran s support for international terrorism and its aggressive actions against nonbelligerent shipping in the Persian Gulf, President Ronald Reagan, on October 29, 1987, issued Executive Order 12613 imposing a new import embargo on Iranian-origin goods and services† , and for when rogue Iranians took American citizens hostage at the embassy, releasing them months later, the relationship began to become strained. In following the history of the economic sanctions, I’ll begin with an outline of the United States’ most†¦show more content†¦citizens from entering into jobs requiring the financing or supervision â€Å"of the development of petroleum resources located in Iran or in an area over which Iran claims jurisdiction† 8) the May 1995 ban on exportation of goods to Iran from the US of anything types of goods, technology, or even trade services such as financing by United States banks 9) the August 1996 signing of the Iran and Libya Sanctions and finally 10) the last executive order of August 1997 in which we confirmed that all trade and investment activities with Iran by banks, companies, or any persons are formally prohibited. Research Design This paper will be defining and critiquing the problem at hand through use of a case study and analysis of the literature at hand to help prove the theory that sanctions have been ineffective throughout our historical use of them. It will identify the problem as being one of nuclear deterrence to solve for Iran’s threatening stance on nuclear power. It will then go on to argue that the United States and all involved allies should employ soft power peace talks to negotiate trade and settle debate on Iran’s past of nuclear

Essay about Cultures Affecting Our Daily Lives - 1086 Words

Cultural differences effect many aspects of our daily lives. With the many different cultures embedded in the United States, it is important that everyone has an understanding and respect for the melting pot that is encountered daily in our communities, workplaces and schools. Culture is not an exotic notion studied by a select group of anthropologists in the South Seas. It is a mold in which we are all cast, and it controls our daily lives in many unsuspected ways... Culture hides much more than it reveals, and strangely enough what it hides, it hides most effectively from its own participants. (Hall) The United States populated from the beginning with people from different cultures. There were Irish, German, Italian and†¦show more content†¦Today with all the multicultural shopping opportunities people of all backgrounds patron other culture groups businesses. Multicultural businesses affect our lives by giving us opportunities to experience different market places and learn a different traditions or ways that make our lives more productive. The workplace has become one of the biggest multicultural settings. Almost half of the work force in the United States is made up of minorities. There are many advantages to having this percentage of people from different cultures throughout our workplace. One is the increase in creativeness. Not only in products that are being created but in the developing of an approach to solving problems. Other cultures can offer insightful alternatives (EthoConnect). Another way in which the workplace is affected by this is in productivity and attitudes. When people of all cultures pull together to reach a common goal there are less limited boundaries and there are more global understanding that are used to help reach the worlds market place; creating a larger market for products. With this change in productivity in the workplace is more desirable and enjoyable for all employees. The market place has become more global based that workers having a diverse culture base is very important to break down barriers in language and knowledge of certain markets. This affects our lives by more companies hiring more international job seekers. The AmericanShow MoreRelatedFactors That Influence Food Habits and Culture Essay741 Words   |  3 PagesFactors that influence food habits and culture How do you choose your food? This is a very simple question for most people,but we may get a hundred of different answers. Therefore,What factors actually influence our food habit and culture ? During the long history of human, food habits and culture are influenced by many factors. I want to discuss how food habits and culture influenced by geographical factors, religions factors,social factors and economic factors. 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Referring to the idea that the ubiquitous cell phone allows teenagers to contact their parents’ at any time, she states that â€Å"adolescents don’t face the same pressure to develop the independence we haveRead MoreSelling Happiness : The Illusion Of Persuasion1715 Words   |  7 Pagesadvertisements we face on a daily basis, as consumers, we have become progressively proficient in avoidance of these marketing ploys. Particularly in relation to television programming, viewer attention has declined as the ability to skip over commercials through DVR has become available. Unfortunately, this poses an issue for marketing executives as commercial programming, and product placement are an essential tool in cultivating a consumer base. Studies found that â€Å"80% of our life is emotion and 20%

Demand and Supply of Milk and Factors

Question: Discuss about the Demand and Supply of Milk and Factors. Answer: Introduction: Demand and Supply are the primary factors that decide the price of a product in a market. The price mechanism analysis is an important economic tool that is used to decide the price of a product using the demand and supply factors taking place in the market. On the other hand, demand and supply of a commodity is influenced by several other factors that prevail in the market (Smithers and Augustin, 2012). Hence, to observe the pattern of change in the price, it is important to understand the changes in the factors that influence the demand and supply of the product. Hence, the paper has been developed to analyse the factors that influence the demand and supply of Milk in the Australian market and explain the current issues of price going on in the Milk industry of the country (Sajadieh and Akbari Jokar, 2009). Lockhart, Donaghy and Gow (2016) found that a structural change in the global diary industry has been evident during the 2015 that acted as a perfect storm to shatter the price of milk in the country. The coincidence of technology, events and policy changes in significant dairy producing countries including Australia has resulted in a long run reset of the diary economics all around the world. The cooperatives Fonterra and Murray Goulburn have reduced the prices that are offered to the dairy farmers that resulted in a backlash from the milk producers in the country (Marini, 2007). Hence, the primary objective of the study is to observe the incidents that resulted in the changes in demand and supply of milk products in the Australian market. Along with that, the study focuses on explaining how these changes in the demand and supply impacted the price of the necessary commodity. Furthermore, the paper explains the demand side factors and supply side factors that influence the aggregate demand and supply of milk in the Australian market. Due to the structural change in the global dairy industry, the demand and supply scenario of milk have been reset. In the study article, the current status of the Australian dairy sector has been described showing the supply and demand side features. Understandably, long-term reforms and policy of the dairy market at the global stage has contributed to the dramatic changes of milk price (Yang et al., 2013). At the existing market scenario, a decline in prices of milk has been one of the major issues for the dairy farmers operate in the Australian dairy sector. Dramatical changes occurred in the global dairy economics can be termed as the primary reason for a price reduction. Moreover, there are other contributory factors as well, to say the least. Australia, one of the major dairy producing countries of the global economy has seen higher milk prices (Chin, 2015). Currently, the short-term oversupply of milk has been blamed as the most convincing reason for price dropdown. Admittedly, reduction of demand for milk has fuelled the situation of oversupply in the Australian market. As a result of the scenario, the biggest cooperatives of Australia i.e. Murray Goulburn and Fonterra have offered reduced milk prices to the dairy farmers (Lockhart, Donaghy and Gow, 2016). In the underlying section, the oversupply scenario and its impact on demand and price of milk have been stated. An excessive quantity of milk has generated a massive gap between aggregated supply and aggregated demand in the Australian dairy sector. As the short-term demand for milk has reduced in compared to the supply flow, the surplus has become the evident result. Due to sluggish demand for milk from China and Russia, the global dairy sector has faced significant challenges. Major dairy producing countries such as Australia has ignored the reduction in demand at the global stage to produce a massive amount of milk (Eilon, 2013). As a result of the scenario, Australia has to face issues such as oversupply of milk. As shown in the given figure, at the initial stage of the supply phase, the demand for milk was at Qs at price P1. As the demand is reduced due to global changes in the dairy industry to Qd, the price has revised to P. Meanwhile, during the period of the time, supply has been increased at the same rate resulted in oversupply as marked in the graph. In the contemporary market scenario, the global surplus of milk has contributed to the short-term decline in demand and price of milk in Australian dairy sector. Meanwhile, the downturn in the US dairy sector may restore the demand and supply of global dairy industry (Thom, 2011). Currently, the supply situation of the United States of America has significantly contributed to the low price of milk. Such international factors have added extra pressure to the domestic Australian milk producing farmers (Hodgson, 2013). Currently, profitability margins of domestic farmers have hit badly, to say the least, due to the surplus scenario of dairy products. Decisively, the dairy market policy of Australia may have been questioned in this context. During the global surplus, production of milk must be reduced to control the scenario at the earlier stages. As a result of a poor form of policy measures, the value of marginal production has majorly hit. Significant aggregated demand and supply term s must be developed by the third largest milk producer in the global market to improve the existing scenario of the surplus of milk (Smithers and Augustin, 2012). Now, in order to understand the primary reason for the changes in price of milk in the Australian market, the demand side factors and supply side factors must be analysed. The demand and supply side factors that influence the quantity demanded and supplied of dairy products in the Australian market are discussed herein below: Demand Side Factors The demand side factors are those aspects that influence the quantity demanded of milk in the Australian market. The demand side factors are presented herein below: Number of buyers: Considering the global dairy market, the demand of dairy products for export from Australia has decreased due to the emergence of new producers in the Asian market. Along with that, the high level of investment by the Chinese investors in Australia has also reduced the demand of Australian producers in the global market (Lockhart, Donaghy and Gow, 2016). Tastes and Preferences: The taste and preferences of customers have changed. The consumption of dairy products has reduced due to health consciousness and contents of fat in the milk products (Whitehead, 2010). On the other hand, the price of milk rises if it is processed to reduce the level of fat. Hence, it reduces the demand of dairy products in the Australian market. Price of related goods: The price of related products such as butter, cheese, and processed milk has risen due to innovative technology that further reduces the demand for dairy products (Whitehead, 2010). Hence, it can be seen from the above diagram that the demand of milk reduces that results in the leftward shift of the demand curve from D1 to D2 that further results in the fall of milk price from P1 to P2 in the Australian market (Parker, 2006). Supply side Factors The supply side factors are those aspects that influence the quantity supplied of milk in the Australian market. The supply side factors are presented herein below: Number of sellers: The number of milk producers has increase in Australia that results in the rise of production of dairy products in the country. The new investment made by the Chinese and Asian investors has directly increased the supply of milk in Australia (Lockhart, Donaghy and Gow, 2016). Technology: The implementation of innovative technology in the dairy industry has resulted in increase in the production of milk products (Lockhart, Donaghy and Gow, 2016). On the other hand, the new technology also increases the production cost. Expectations of producers: The expectation of the milk producers have failed due to immense fall in the demand for milk products in the global market (Xavier Malcata, 2009). It has resulted in oversupply of milk in the country that has further resulted in the fall of price of the product. It can be seen from the above diagram that the rise in the quantity supplied of milk has resulted in a rightward shift of the supply curve from S1 to S2. It has further resulted in the fall of the price of milk products in the market from P1 to P2 (Parker, 2006). Hence, it can be seen that supply, demand, and pricing have been thoroughly interlinked with each other. Meanwhile, the article has described the impact of global changing trends of the dairy industry. In Australia, a short-term surplus of milk production has contributed the demand and pricing. Admittedly, the decline in demand for milk has reduced the price of milk at the same level. The analysis of the contributing factors of declining milk prices has identified the role of policies directed towards Australian dairy sector. Through the discussion of the events, it is quite clear that the poor set of policy measures has massively contributed towards the surplus scenario of milk. In order to improve the challenging scenario, Australian government must provide a subsidy to the major milk producing firms to improve the condition of farmers. Moreover, the global consequences have led to a surplus of milk. On economics perspective, a surplus of milk has contributed to disequilibrium of s upply and demand scenario. Hence, the price of milk has reduced to a significant level. Primarily, as the universal law of supply and demand has been changed during the change of global dairy industry, larger production leads to the short-time dropdown in price. Meanwhile, significant measures and change in the global scenario may develop the condition. References Cappiello, G. (2015). Price Policies, Over-Supply and Demand Bubbles.Symphonya. Emerging Issues in Management, (2). Chin, G. (2015). Differences in strategy across the globe.Science, 348(6241), pp.1328-1328. Eilon, S. (2013). Three price elasticities of demand.Omega, 11(5), pp.479-490. Hodgson, R. (2013). Trends and Needs in the Dairy Industry.Journal of Dairy Science, 56(5), pp.614-620. Lockhart, J., Donaghy, D. and Gow, H. (2016).Milk price cuts reflect the reality of sweeping changes in global dairy market. [online] The Conversation. Available at: https://theconversation.com/milk-price-cuts-reflect-the-reality-of-sweeping-changes-in-global-dairy-market-59251 [Accessed Nov. 2016]. Marini, G. (2007). Price Variability, Supply-Side Policies and Monetary Rules.Economica, 54(213), p.109. Parker, P. (2006).The 2007-2012 world outlook for dairy and soy products. 1st ed. San Diego, CA: ICON Group. Sajadieh, M. and Akbari Jokar, M. (2009). Optimizing shipment, ordering and pricing policies in a two-stage supply chain with price-sensitive demand.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 45(4), pp.564-571. Smithers, G. and Augustin, M. (2012).Advances in Dairy Ingredients. 1st ed. Hoboken: Wiley. Thom, E. (2011). Trends in Dairy Products Merchandising and Their Impact on the Dairy Industry.Journal of Dairy Science, 44(2), pp.365-368. Whitehead, J. (2010). Demand-Side Factors and Environmental Equity Analysis.Society Natural Resources, 13(1), pp.75-81. Xavier Malcata, F. (2009). Critical Issues Affecting the Future of Dairy Industry: Individual Contributions in the Scope of a Global Approach.Journal of Dairy Science, 82(8), pp.1595-1611. Yang, C., Ouyang, L., Yen, H. and Lee, K. (2013). Joint pricing and ordering policies for deteriorating item with retail price-dependent demand in response to announced supply price increase.Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization, 9(2), pp.437-454.

Vladek and the Holocaust Essay Example

Vladek and the Holocaust Essay Maus is a comic book written by Art Spiegelman chronicling his father’s life through the Holocaust. Vladek is an aggravating character he’s stingy, contemptuous, and illiberal. Vladek’s irritating personality is an effect of his experiences during the Holocaust. His selfishness can be blamed upon his experiences where he had to take things to survive, even if it meant taking from others. His distrust is a result of him being betrayed on multiple accounts, and his fixation with money can be linked to how money helped him through the holocaust. The underlying traits of Vladeks personality would have always been there but the holocaust has affected him in a way to bring the aggravating characteristics to surface. Vladek’s selfish character is a side affect of his traumatic experiences where   Ã¢â‚¬Ëœevery man is for himself’. Every soul in the holocaust had to learn to put themselves before others for survival, this severely affected Vladeks character.  Vladek’s egoistic behaviour showed when he climbed onto someone’s shoulders to hang a hammock for himself to lie on, so he wouldnt be killed, or trampled when others were shoved onto the train to the concentration camp. This event in the book really mad clear the importance of putting ones self before others for survival. Vladek’s selfishness when he wanted to give Art a new coat, saying â€Å"It’s a shame my son would wear such an old shabby coat.† making clear it was shameful for his own reputation. Instead of buying Art a new coat out of love, he gave him a coat out of keeping a high image for himself.  He later says, â€Å"I have for you a warmer one. I got at Alexander’s a ne w jacket, and I can give to you my old one; it’s still like new!† This shows that Vladek did not care for arts image but only for his own, buying himself a new coat and letting art have a hand me down. We will write a custom essay sample on Vladek and the Holocaust specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Vladek and the Holocaust specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Vladek and the Holocaust specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Vladek is also very cynical and distrustful at times, during the holocaust he was betrayed by m

Customer Loyalty in a Business To Business Context Essay Essay Example

Customer Loyalty in a Business To Business Context Essay Essay Customer trueness is considered to be a powerful tool for most organisations in guaranting that they gain a competitory advantage in their several industries ( Lam. Shankar. Erramilli. A ; Bvsan. 2004. p. 294 ) . Customer trueness is necessary for guaranting that organisations remain profitable while besides accomplishing growing through making out to new market evidences. The importance of client trueness in the universe of economic science has developed bit by bit as an country of survey particularly concern to concern ( B2B ) environments. This is due to the demand to analyze and place factors that guarantee client trueness is maintained and even increased. harmonizing to Haghkhah et Al. . ( 2013. p. 156 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Customer Loyalty in a Business To Business Context Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Customer Loyalty in a Business To Business Context Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Customer Loyalty in a Business To Business Context Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Haghkhah. et Al. . ( 2013. p. 156 ) farther noted that increased competition for clients in the market signifies that concern ought to respond even faster and more specific to the demands and wants of clients in order to win their trueness. For this ground. sellers in most organisations tend to concentrate on client keeping techniques and besides to put an accent on increasing their trueness degrees. In order to accomplish this. B2B has offered huge chances to guarantee that most organisations achieve their aims of client keeping and trueness. Therefore. the latter shows the importance of understanding client keeping and trueness as an of import country of the research survey. Customer trueness is viewed as a behaviour of insistent purchasing and farther developed traveling frontward with factors such as ancestors. effects. and factors. This has led the research worker to derive an involvement in carry oning farther research on client keeping and trueness. hence. this research paper will be on the assorted ways and techniques that organisations can implement in order to increase client trueness in a B2B context Customer trueness Harmonizing to Haghkhah. et Al. . ( 2013. p. 157 ) a high rate of trueness in a B2B environment is a competitory advantage to the marketer due to the client’s willingness to pay a higher monetary value for goods and sensitive since they start going less monetary value medium as a consequence of trust that has been gained. This means that the income generated is likely to increase and stay stable to travel frontward Customer trueness is viewed as a scheme that aims at guaranting clients gain behavior of insistent buying from the same company. Customer trueness in a B2B environment achieves a common wages that benefits both the client and the organisation. It is normally considered as ways of deriving competitory advantage by an organisation over its rivals. Assorted companies have applied the scheme of keeping client trueness since it is considered cheaper in respect seeking to derive new clients in order to increase their gross base. Cater. T A ; Cater. B ( 2010. p. 1322 ) position client trueness based on activities such as contract reclamation. doing recommendations to clients and increasing backing in a concern to concern environments. They further note that these factors will probably act upon the degree of trueness to clients of an organisation. In other research. client trueness in a B2B environment is based on the experiences of the client. the future outlooks that a client may hold about the organisation and the frequence at which a client buys goods and services from the organisation ( haghkhah. Abdul Hamid. Ebrahimpour. Roghanian. A ; Gheysari. 2013. p. 158 ) . Further. ( Cater A ; Cater. 2010 ) notes that in order to act upon the trueness of clients in a B2B context. and so the organisation has to understand the behavior of the client and the attitude of the client. Literature reappraisal 2. 1 Limitations and Gap in Literature The field of client trueness is one that has much information. but really small attending has been given to business-to-business scenarios. Most old research has chiefly focused on the customer’s point of position ( Mascareigne. 2009 ) . This could be because most position client keepings as a behavioural factor. ( Ranaweera A ; Prabhu. 2003 ) In any economic system. concerns have to transact to execute their day-to-day operations. Some concerns. such as audit houses. exist to function other concerns. Extensive research on this country could help other concerns to larn the kineticss of client trueness amongst themselves. A major restriction that was besides experienced in the research was the complete generalisation of the research based on a B2B context. Since different concerns have different operations and schemes. some facets may works for a certain sector that may non needfully work for another. For illustration. constructs that may be used to increase client trueness in the banking sector. may non work in the fabrication sector. Harmonizing to Buttle ( 2008. p. 267 ) committedness is defined as the relationship that exist between the two houses and is likely to be terminated at a sensible hereafter day of the month. In a B2B environment. the committedness shared by the two houses is normally on a common understanding. Doma ( 2013. p. 72 ) notes that committedness between two houses is normally bonded by trust among the two houses. The degree of trust that is normally shared by the two or more houses that conduct concern affects their committedness model. The more a house is committed to another increases the degree of trueness shared by the two houses. Moorman A ; Rust ( 1999. p. 183 ) in their research notes that committedness is normally the degree of attempt that is put by houses in guaranting a valuable relationship enjoyed by the two houses is maintained in the long term. The relationship normally has economic benefits for the two houses in their command to guarantee they remain profitable in their operations. For this ground. there exists a belief among organisations that the relationship has economic benefits ; therefore attempts are put in keeping it. However. harmonizing to Hennig-Thurau ( 2004. p. 463 ) provinces that many bookmans tend to reason that there is no major difference between trueness and committedness. That school of idea has been dismissed by Morgan A ; Hunt ( 1999. p. 24 ) who argued there is a difference between trueness and committedness. They. nevertheless. noted that the two are related. with a committedness being an ancestor of trueness. This means that committedness is a factor in B2B environment th at will increase the degree of trueness. This besides meant that the being of committedness had a strong positive impact on the degree of committedness. Shabbir et Al. ( 2007. p. 280 ) in their research demonstrated that committedness is an ancestor of trueness. They argued that committedness in the B2B environment. it played a cardinal function in guaranting that trueness is ever maintained and even increased to higher degrees. Sharma. et Al. ( 2006. p. 77 ) in their survey note that committedness is the state of affairs whereby there is a desire to do a relationship stronger with another individual or even group due to acquaintance or even friendly relationship has that has been developed over clip due to the personal interaction that has occurred between the two over a period of clip ( Eakuru A ; Mat. 2008. p. 125 ) . Therefore. committedness should be as a consequence of placing the values that are shared normally between two organisations. It is important to observe that the client will retain a relationship with another party due to the positive consequence they have with the provider. At times. a client may be forced to go on remaining in a relationship with another party due to miss of valuable options that may be available to them ( Fullerton. 2005. p. 1388 ) . However. most relationships are maintained with a committedness as a consequence of the benefits that both parties will profit from ( Brandi. 2001. p. 67 ) . When committedness is the steering rule of B2B environment. and one organisation performs ill in comparing to the incumbent organisation. so due to the degree of committedness shared the spouses are improbable to exchange to other options ( Stephan. 2002. p. 20 ) . This makes a committedness an implicit in factor that will assist in act uponing the degree of trueness in a B2B environment ( Stephan. 2002. p. 33 ) . Akin ( 2012 ) gives an illustration. in comparing the loyal between clients with low trueness and clients with high trueness and explains that clients with high trueness will be non be swayed by discounted monetary values from other providers. Therfore. the higher the degree of committedness that will be shared between organisations an addition in trueness degrees between the organisations will be experienced. If the degree of committedness is increased through activities such as contract reclamation and devising of recommendations to the other organisation. it will in bend addition the degree of trueness enjoyed by the two houses. Therefore. if organisations want to increase the rate of issue by their clients. so they have to construct a relationship that will be founded on a committedness. Commitment will in bend addition the degree of trueness in a B2B environment. This will guarantee that the hereafter of the organisation is maintained as it will go on doing net income. In a survey conducted by CITATION Gus05 cubic decimeter 1033 ( Gustavsson A ; Lundgren. 2005 ) they give an illustration whereby air hose companies use their frequent circular plans as a agency to heighten perennial purchase through proviso of economic inducements to guarantee that they increase and besides maintain loyal among their clients. 2. 2 Theories and Methodologies A common rule that has emerged from the entire quality direction ( TQM ) motion is that the decisive way. to retaining clients. is to fulfill their demands ( Colby. 2013 ) . The theory holds that if by placing what clients expect and by run intoing these demands and outlooks. these clients are less likely to choose for the services given by a rival. Past research conducted by Colby ( 2013 ) has shown a positive relationship between satisfaction and trueness. In other words. if a client is satisfied with the services offered by a concern. the client is bound to be loyal to the concern. Other surveies have besides identified a positive relationship between service quality and client trueness ( Van Es. 2012 ) . However. a certain degree of satisfaction does non ever vouch the coveted trueness. In a certain study. Colby suggested four indexs of client trueness and this include ; demographics. past behaviour. perceptual experience of addition or loss of exchanging to a different trade name and attitudes towards openness to new trade names. Analyzing these four indexs can give a better apprehension of client trueness. For case. if a concern expects to salvage on costs by transacting with another concern. so they are most likely to be loyal to that peculiar partnership. The attitudinal attack takes a position of purchase behaviour and tends to explicate in footings of values. beliefs and attitudes. Deterministic theory entails the logical relationship between variables and research workers in this field are responsible for placing which variables affect client trueness. It appears to be acceptable to most cognitive research workers that attitude comes earlier behavior in a scenario that involves buy backing a merchandise and is really of import because attitude comes before a pick. The behavioural attack holds that internal procedures can non be measured and. hence. have no topographic point in research ( Bennet A ; Bove. 2002 ) . Understanding client trueness in a B2B scenario is a long term relationship regardless of the importance of the minutess. Both methods may differ in positions but can be both used to understand the construct. Although client trueness research has evolved over the old ages. most of this research uses a logical empiricist paradigm ( Paavola. 2006 ) . Information about client trueness has been derived chiefly from cognitive psychological science. with theories about attitude organizing most of the work. Current theoretical model could. hence. convey a new position into the trueness research. Paavola ( 2006 ) uses the societal constructionism paradigm to analyze the impression of client trueness critically. The survey gives a elaborate description of client trueness that is based on the societal world of clients. The consequences imply that different types of trueness should be taken into considerations when doing managerial executions. Classification can besides be really good when it comes to future trueness research. Most theories. which are associated with trueness surveies. trade with issues such as trueness plans. client satisfaction. client value. service quality and societal bonds ( Jacobsen. Olsson. A ; Sjovall. 2004 ) . A theoretical account constructed by Jacobsen. Olsson and Sjovall ( 2004 ) shows that societal bonds have the most important consequence on client trueness with companies in the banking sector. The survey shows that the most of import factors. in keeping client trueness in the banking sector. were societal bonds and forces. This is because. banking services are really similar and to last in such as market. strong competitory forces are required to do the right connexions. The same survey revealed that pecuniary benefits are non a important factor in that country of concern. Harmonizing to Kuusik ( 2007 ) . the factors. trustiness. satisfaction. importance of relationship and image are of import factors that play a function in the different degrees of client trueness. Traditionally. most research has focussed on either the influence of single factors on trueness or the nature of different degrees of trueness. It is of import to non merely position trueness through behavioral standards. but besides attitudinal standards every bit good. Behavioral clients could be divided into ; forced to be loyal. functionally loyal and loyal due to inertia ( Kuusik. 2007 ) . For case. in a B2B context. when a certain company is a monopoly. acquiring supplies from them is the lone logical reply. and this forces a company to be loyal by force. Businesss can be loyal by inactiveness due to the importance of a certain procedure. If the procedure is of low importance. so there is practically no demand to acquire another spouse. This can go on in state of affairss where the dealing is everyday such as trash- pickup. Functionality trueness is gained from when organisations have to spouse with other organisations because they have an nonsubjective ground to be. Research has shown that inactiveness is a state of affairs antonym to loyalty CITATION Aki12 cubic decimeter 4105 ( Akin. 2012 ) . For illustration. a concern may choose another concern since they require minimum attempt to make them. Dahlgren ( 2005 ) used multivariate informations analysis techniques to construct a nexus between dimensions of trade name trueness and to capture the different degrees of client trueness. The consequence showed several differences in the trueness dimensions. In a similar survey. Kuusik ( 2007 ) uses a LOGIT arrested development theoretical account to find the important factors that affect client trueness. The theoretical account comprises of assorted factors that affect client trueness. The survey reveals that image. satisfaction. importance of relationship and trustiness are the most important factors in trueness research. Harmonizing to East et Al. ( 2005 ) the definition of trueness is utile if they can be used to foretell phenomena such as hunt. keeping. and recommendation. The writers set up that combination steps of client trueness frequently act as hapless indexs of consumer trueness as compared to other remarkable indexs such as recommendations. Apart from sing these combinations to be of limited value. the research besides establishes that there is no signifier of trueness that ever predicts different trueness results and a general construct of trueness should be abandoned ( East. Gendall. Hammond. A ; Lomax. 2005 ) . For case. alternatively of utilizing indexs such as trueness plans and money wagess. research workers should either expression for keeping of clients and any recommendation given by them. 2. 3 Identifying relationships between thoughts and pattern to increase trueness in a B2B context Assorted thoughts have been drafted in order to increase client trueness in a B2B context. For illustration. from the above reappraisal. it is noted that designation of the company’s chances and moving on them will assist in increasing the trueness. However a company can present on all the demands of their clients. but the bringing of their services will act upon the degree of trueness traveling frontward. If when presenting all the demands of their client. and they produce a hapless bringing service. so this will probably take to a lessening in trueness degree. For illustration harmonizing to Akin ( 2012 ) factors that aid increasing the trueness of clients is high-ranking service quality delivered by houses that will take to a high degree of client satisfaction. In another scenario. companies tend to seek and happen ways in which they can act upon the frequence at which their clients entree their web sites for information. However. research indicates that half of the clients get information from their web site. The deficiency of companies to put and supply web sites that are easy to entree and supply the necessary information to their clients will take to a diminution in the degree of trueness. For this ground. there is a clear differentiation between the thoughts developed to increase trueness and the patterns a company will follow. Decision From this literature reappraisal. it can be shown that assorted researches have tried to set up the being of a positive relationship between trueness and facets such as service quality and client satisfaction. Some surveies have employed the usage of correlativity analysis to look into this relationship. Correlation research allows a research worker to find whether a relationship between variables exists. it allows one to specify the extent of the relationship between the variables ( Gall. Gall. A ; Bord. 2005 ) . Qualitative and quantitative research methods both have their benefits and drawbacks. For case. when the correlativity between two variables has been established. it still does non state the research worker what should be done. but instead what can be done. Qualitative methods. as used by Paavola ( 2006 ) . can besides convey out cognition that is non familiar with other research workers. The consequences can besides be influenced by the researcher’s personal prejud ices. However. some of these surveies tend to cover broad countries that may take long periods of research. The benefits of client keeping have been recognized by many research workers ( Feihua. 2011 ) . In the concern to concern scenario. certain facets of retaining a client bring out themselves than carry oning concern with the ordinary clients. For case. paying attending to the ordinary. like go toing meetings on clip is non a necessary. but a important wont to see. In a B2B relationship. the parties are more defined. and this is based on the premise that both parties are seeking common benefits in the relationship ( Oy. 2010 ) . In a normal concern to client relationship. the disintegration of the relationship ends up in the consumer go forthing the services of the supplier. In the B2B apparatus. the terminal of the relationship is thought in footings of a procedure while in exchanging is thought every bit merely as a alteration in the relationship. In client trueness research. possibly it would be of critical importance to see the industry in which the research is being conducted on. In industries where the concerns provide similar services. societal bonds could be the prevailing factor that promotes consumer trueness between concerns. In other industries. where the services offered are different. likely trueness plans and pecuniary wagess could be the manner to win client trueness. Mentions Akin. E. ( 2012 ) . Literature Review and Discussion on Customer Loyalty and Consciousness. European Journal of Economics. Finance and Administrative Sciences. 158-170. Brandi. J. ( 2001 ) . Constructing Customer Loyalty: The 21 Essential Elementss †¦ in Action. Texas: The Walk The Talk Company. Buttle. F. ( 2008 ) . Customer Relationship Management ( 2nd ed. ) . New York: Routledge. Doma. S. A. ( 2013 ) . Relationship Quality as Predictor of B2B Customer Loyalty. SYSTEMICS. CYBERNETICS AND INFORMATICS. 111 ( 1 ) . 72-78. Gustavsson. S. . A ; Lundgren. E. ( 2005 ) . Customer Loyalty. Lulea University of Technology. Haghkhah. A. . Abdul Hamid. A. B. . Ebrahimpour. A. . Roghanian. P. . A ; Gheysari. H. ( 2013 ) . Committedness and Customer Loyalty in Business-To-Business Context. European Journal of Business and Management. 15 ( 19 ) . 156-164. Lam. S. Y. . Shankar. V. . Erramilli. M. K. . A ; B. M. ( 2004 ) . Customer Value. Satisfaction. Loyalty. and Switch overing Costss: An Illustration From a Business-to-Business Service Context. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. 32 ( 293 ) . 294-311. Bennet. R. . A ; Bove. L. ( 2002 ) . Identifying the Key Issues for Measuring Loyalty. QUT Digital Repository. 1-29. Cater. T. . A ; Cater. B. ( 2010 ) . Merchandise and relationship quality influence on client committedness and trueness in B2B fabrication relationships. Industrial selling direction. 39 ( 8 ) . 1321-1333. Colby. C. ( 2013. December 9 ) . A New Paradigm for Understanding Customer Retention. Retrieved from Rockbridge: hypertext transfer protocol: //rockresearch. com/a-new-paradigm-for-understanding-customer-retention/ Eakuru. N. . A ; Mat. N. ( 2008 ) . The application of structural equation mold ( SEM ) in finding the ancestors of client trueness in Bankss in South Thailand. The Business Review. Cambridge. 10 ( 2 ) . 129-139. East. R. . Gendall. P. . Hammond. K. . A ; Lomax. W. ( 2005 ) . Consumer Loyalty: Remarkable. Linear or Synergistic? Australian arketing Joural. 10-17. Feihua. Q. ( 2011 ) . Customer Retention in E-commerce concern. Haaha-Helia University imperativeness. 1-56. Fullerton. G. ( 2005 ) . How commitment both enables and undermines marketing relationships. European Journal of selling. 39 ( 11 ) . 1372-1388. Gall. J. . Gall. M. . A ; Bord. W. ( 2005 ) . Using educational research: A practical usher ( 1st ed. ) . Boston: Pearzon. Hennig-Thurau. T. ( 2004 ) . Customer orientation of service employees: Its impact on client satisfaction. committedness. and keeping. International Journal of Service Industry Management. 15 ( 5 ) . 460-478. Jacobsen. D. . Olsson. M. . A ; Sjovall. A. ( 2004 ) . The Creation of Customer Loyalty. Kristianstad University. 1-71. Kuusik. A. ( 2007 ) . AFFECTING CUSTOMER LOYALTY: DO DIFFERENT FACTORS HAVE VARIOUS INFLUENCES IN DIFFERENT LOYALTY LEVELS? Tartu University Press. 1-29. Mascareigne. J. ( 2009 ) . Customer Retention. Lulea University Press. 1-88. Moorman. C. . A ; Rust. R. T. ( 1999 ) . The function of selling. The Journal of Marketing. 180-197. 63. Morgan. R. M. . A ; Hunt. S. D. ( 1999 ) . The commitment-trust theory of relationship selling. The Journal of selling. 20-38. Oy. O. ( 2010 ) . IMPROVING CUSTOMER LOYALTY THROUGH A REGULAR CUSTOMER PROGRAM. TAMPEREEN AMMATTIKORKEAKOULU University Publications. 1-45. Paalova. H. ( 2006 ) . Classs of Loyalty. Toward Meaning-based Theory of Customer Loyalty. European Advances in Consumer Research. 420-428. Ranaweera. C. . A ; Prabhu. J. ( 2003 ) . The influence of satisfaction. trust and exchanging barriers on client keeping in a uninterrupted buying scene. international diary of service industry direction. 374-395. Shabbir. H. . Palihawadana. D. . A ; Thwaites. D. ( 2007 ) . Determining the ancestors and effects of giver ?perceived relationship quality—A dimensional qualitative research attack. Psychology A ; Marketing. 24 ( 3 ) . 271-293. Sharma. N. . Young. L. . A ; Wilkinson. I. ( 2006 ) . The commitment mix: Dimensions of committedness in international trading relationships in India. Journal of International Marketing. 64-91. Stephan. B. ( 2002 ) . Customer Loyalty Programs and Clubs ( 2nd ed. ) . London: Gower Publishing. Ltd. Van Es. R. ( 2012 ) . The Relationship between Service Quality and Customer Loyalty. and its Influence on Business Model Design. Universiteit Twente. 1-85. Beginning papers

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De NHTV leidt niet alleen (inter)nationale studenten op, maar organiseert ook congressen en neemt deel aan workshops en seminars over de hele wereld. De missie van de hogeschool luidt als volgt: NHTV wil een bijdrage leveren aan de maatschappij door in nauwe samenwerking met de internationale werkvelden (jonge) mensen op te leiden tot verantwoordelijke professionals voor een globaliserende werk- en kennisomgeving. De instelling wil medewerkers en studenten inspireren en uitdagen hun talenten optimaal te ontwikkelen, hun kennis en kunde te integreren en deze als professional of als wetenschapper op excellente en duurzame wijze toe te passen in de samenleving. (NHTV, 2010) Daarnaast is de hogeschool nauw betrokken bij het internationale toerisme en recreatieve bedrijfsleven, vooral als het gaat over innovatieve en duurzame ontwikkelingen. De hogeschool is een door de World Tourism Organization gecertificeerde opleiding die serieus meedenkt over etnische vraagstukken in het internationale toerisme. Daarnaast is de NHTV nauw betrokken bij de Initiatiefgroep Duurzaam Uitgaan Toerisme (IDUT). De opleiding Management Toerisme denkt erover om, in navolging van IDUT, een nieuw platform op te richten, namelijk het Internationaal Innovatieplatform Toeristisch Vervoer. De NHTV, de wereld, de toerist en de recreant hebben namelijk à ©Ãƒ ©n ding gemeen: ze zijn altijd in beweging. Het probleem is echter dat er een heldere visie op toeristisch en recreatief vervoer ontbreekt. Niet eerder is nagedacht over of onderzoek gedaan naar aspecten als ethiek, duurzaamheid, snelheid, prijs enzovoorts. Met het oog op de ontwikkelingen naar een beleveniseconomie en zelfs een transformationele economie, wil het Internationaal Innovatieplatform Toeristisch Vervoer een visie laten ontwikkelen op toeristisch-recreatief vervoer die de basis vormt voor een betekenisvol belevingsconcept. Er wordt als het ware een creatieve en overtuigende vertaalslag gemaakt van de droom (visie) naar de daad (concept). Het concept dient vervolgens globaal getoetst te worden op ethische en duurzaamheidaspecten. Tot op heden is er ook geen onderzoek gedaan naar nieuwe volggroepen die aansluiten bij de producten en het concept. Het is de bedoeling dat à ©Ãƒ ©n of meer volggroepen zich aantoonbaar aangesproken gaan voelen door de beleving die deze producten oplevert. De karakteristiek van deze volgroepen dient op basis van de waardegeorià «nteerde lifestyle-segmentatiemodellen gegeven te worden. Daarnaast dient het belevingsconcept aantoonbaar geschikt te zijn voor de ontwikkeling van een aantal verschillende en onderscheidende belevingsproducten. Daarbij dient à ©Ãƒ ©n belevingsproduct op hoofdlijnen uitgewerkt te worden. Uiteindelijk zal aangegeven worden hoe de betrokkenheid en/of binding tussen volggroep en belevingsproduct door interactieve communicatie kan worden bevorderd. Daarbij gaat het om het regisseren van de communicatie. (Handleiding CPO2, 2010) Onderzoeksprobleem Zoals in het managementprobleem beschreven staat, ontbreekt een heldere visie op toeristisch en recreatief vervoer. De NHTV geeft de student Management Toerisme om die reden de opdracht om op basis van een persoonlijke visie op toeristisch recreatief vervoer een sterk belevingsconcept voor een specifieke vorm van toeristisch-recreatief vervoer te ontwikkelen, waaraan verschillende onderscheidende belevingsproducten gekoppeld kunnen worden en waardoor met naam te benoemen volggroepen zich aangesproken en verbonden voelen. Met de introductie van het belevingsconcept voor vakantievervoer dient de eerste publicatie van het Internationaal Innovatieplatform Toeristisch Vervoer gevoed te worden. De compacte vraag die ik mijzelf bij dit project heb gesteld luidt als volgt: Hoe kan ik vanuit een persoonlijke visie komen tot een belevingsconcept? Om antwoord te geven op de bovenstaande onderzoeksvraag dient er informatie te worden verzameld over de diverse aspecten die bij dit project van belang zullen zijn. Zo zal de aanbodkant van het toeristisch-recreatief vervoer in kaart moeten worden gebracht en dient er onderzoek gedaan te worden naar de trends en ontwikkelingen van toeristisch-recreatief vervoer. Daarbij zal er gekeken worden naar de situatie op micro- en meso-niveau. Aan de hand van de micro-analyse dient er in kaart te worden gebracht wat de kernwaarden en motieven zijn, welke in verbinding staan met het toeristisch-recreatief vervoer. Een duidelijk beeld van de bovenstaande aspecten maakt het mogelijk een persoonlijk visie te formuleren waarna je kunt komen tot een belevingsconcept. Componenten Om antwoord te geven op de onderzoeksvragen zijn een aantal deelstudies noodzakelijk om te voorzien in de gedefinieerde informatie- en adviesbehoefte. In de opstartfase diende iedere student een keuze te maken tussen vervoer via land, water of lucht. De keuze is uiteindelijk gevallen op de vervoerssector transport over water. De reden hiervoor is dat het transport over water, in tegenstelling tot andere toeristisch-recreatieve vervoersmogelijkheden een stijgende lijn kent in het aantal passagiers. Daarnaast ontdoet het transport via water zich van zijn stoffige imago en hebben cruisemaatschappijen hun focus gelegd op de bouw van innovatieve schepen en het aanspreken van nieuwe doelgroepen. Het ABCDEF-model loopt als de rode draad door het conceptontwikkelingsproces heen. Deze methodiek is een uitbereiding van het conceptontwikkelingsproces en bevat de onderdelen: aandacht en analyse, broeden en beleven, creà «ren van een concept, design van belevenissen, experience platform en follow up. De ABCDEF-methodiek is kwalitatief van aard en gaat om het blootleggen van het hart of de ziel en deze in conceptvorm te vangen. Allereerst zal worden ingegaan op een nadere uitwerking van de aanbodkant. Er dient onderzocht te worden welke mogelijkheden reisorganisaties bieden, welke trends en ontwikkelingen er van toepassing zijn en waar de vervoerssector zich in onderscheid. Informatie hierover is te vinden op internet, in de databases van Tourpress en de Reisrevue. Daarnaast worden websites van touroperators en transportbedrijven geraadpleegt. Vervolgens zal worden ingegaan op vraag- en (deels) aanbodkant van toeristisch-recreatief vervoer over het water. Deze onderdelen bevat deelvragen die het doel hebben de situatie op macro-, meso- en micro-niveau te beschrijven. De macro-omgeving zal beschreven worden aan de hand van het DSTEPJ-model en de meso-omgeving zal beschreven worden aan de hand van het ABCD-model. De micro-analyse maakt onderdeel uit van de vraagkant, waarbij gekeken wordt naar de kernwaarden en motivaties van reizigers. Bij de micro-analyse zal gebruik worden gemaakt van het Mentality-model van Motivaction, die onderscheid maakt in verschillende sociale milieus. Daarnaast zal bij het onderzoeken van consumententrends publicaties en databases van Tourpress, Reisrevue, NBTC, TNS NIPO en de ANVR geraadpleegd worden. Theorieà «n en begrippen betreffende visie, duurzaamheid en ethiek, concept- en productontwikkeling etc. zijn te vinden in de literatuur van Nijs en Peters Imagineering, Rijkenberg Concepting en Boers en Beunders De andere kant van de vrije tijd. Onderzoeksdoelstelling Inzicht verkrijgen in de aanbodkant, trends en ontwikkelingen en kernwaarden en motivaties van het toeristisch-recreatief vervoer teneinde een visie te ontwikkelen op toeristisch-recreatief vervoer die de basis vormt voor een betekenisvol belevingsconcept. Inzicht verkrijgen in de aanbodkant, trends en ontwikkelingen en kernwaarden en motivaties van het toeristisch-recreatief vervoer teneinde een sterk belevingsconcept voor een specifieke vorm van toeristisch-recreatief vervoer te ontwikkelen, waaraan verschillende onderscheidende belevingsproducten gekoppeld kunnen worden en waardoor met naam te benoemen volggroepen zich aangesproken en verbonden voelen. Onderzoeksvragen Hoe ziet het aanbodkant eruit van toeristisch-recreatief vervoer over het water? Hoe ziet de situatie eruit op macro-niveau? Hoe ziet de situatie eruit op meso-niveau? Hoe ziet de situatie eruit op micro-niveau? Theoretisch kader Het ABCDEF-model loopt als de rode draad door het conceptontwikkelingsproces heen. Deze methodiek is een uitbereiding van het conceptontwikkelingsproces en bevat de volgende onderdelen Analyse en Aandacht. Analyse van vraag als aanbodkant. Inleven in de ziel, de aard, het unieke DNA van het aanbod aan toeristisch recreatief vervoer. Broeden en Beleven. Ontwikkelen van een subjectieve en onderscheidende visie op toeristisch recreatief vervoer en de daarin gekozen sector. Creà «ren van een Concept. Het vertalen van een visie in een concept. Design van belevenissen. Ontwerpen van belevingsproducten, diensten of belevenissen. Experience platform. Emotionele betrokkenheid, loyaliteit creà «ren. Follow up. Het werken met belevingsconcepten en -producten leidt tot innovaties binnen het bedrijf. (Projecthandleiding CPO2, 2010) Bij het maken van een situatieanalyse kan een onderscheid gemaakt worden in een externe (ook wel omgevingsanalyse genoemd) en een interne situatieanalyse. De externe analyse bestaat uit variabelen die van invloed zijn op de activiteiten van de organisatie, maar waarop door de organisatie zelf geen (of weinig) invloed kan worden uitgeoefend. In de literatuur wordt hierbij een verder onderscheid gemaakt in macro-omgeving en meso-omgeving. De macro-omgevingsanalyse, ook wel eens trendanalyse genoemd, wordt gebruikt om de huidige en toekomstige trends en/of gebeurtenissen te lokaliseren, die potentià «le mogelijkheden of bedreigingen vormen voor de organisatie. Bij de eerste onderzoeksvraag zal gebruik worden gemaakt van het DSTEPJ-model, waaronder de demografische factoren, sociaal culturele omgevingsvariabelen, technologische omgevingsvariabelen, economische omgevingsvariabelen, politieke omgevingsvariabelen en juridische variabelen vallen. Demografische factoren: kenmerken die te maken hebben met de Nederlandse bevolking. Economische factoren: kenmerken die te maken hebben met de economie van Nederland. Sociaal-culturele factoren: kenmerken van cultuur en leefgewoonten van Nederland. Technologische factoren: kenmerken van de ontwikkeling op technologisch gebied. Ecologische factoren: kenmerken die te maken hebben met de fysieke omgeving en milieu. Politiek: kenmerken van overheidsbeslissingen. Juridische factoren: kenmerken van overheidsbeslissingen (Intemarketing.nl, 2010) Factoren uit de meso-omgeving hebben te maken met factoren binnen de branche, die van invloed zijn op het functioneren van de organisatie. Hierbij gaat het vooral om marktvormen, marktstructuur en marktorganisatie vanuit de vraagzijde en vanuit de aanbodzijde. En ook de concurrentie- en concurrentieanalyse is hier van belang. De vraag naar vakanties in het algemeen, de binnenlandse vakantie in het bijzonder en specifiek naar kamperen, zijn ontwikkelingen binnen de branche van verblijfsrecreatie, die voor een camping van belang zijn. De meso-analyse zal worden beschreven aan de hand van het ABCD-model, waaronder de afnemers-, bedrijfstak-, concurrentie- en distributieanalyse behoren. Bij de micro-analyse wordt de kernwaarden, motivaties en trends van de consument onderzocht. Dit zal gedaan worden aan het hand van hand van de verschillende Mentality-milieus van Motivaction, waarbij onderscheid wordt gemaakt in socio-demografische gegevens en de normen en waarden van de verschillende milieus. De gemaksgeorià «nteerden: de impulsieve en passieve consument die in de eerste plaats streeft naar een onbezorgd, plezierig en comfortabel leven. De opwaarts mobielen: de carrià ¨regerichte individualisten met een uitgesproken fascinatie voor sociale status, nieuwe technologie, risico en spanning. De nieuwe conservatieven: de liberaalconservatieve maatschappelijke bovenlaag die alle ruimte wil geven aan technologische ontwikkeling, maar zich verzet tegen sociale en culturele vernieuwingen. De kosmopolieten: de open en kritische wereldburgers die postmoderne waarden als ontplooien en beleven integreren met moderne waarden als maatschappelijk succes, materialisme en genieten. De postmaterialisten: de maatschappelijke idealisten die zichzelf willen ontplooien, stelling nemen tegen sociaal onrecht en opkomen voor het milieu. De postmoderne hedonisten: de pioniers van de beleveniscultuur, waarin experiment en het breken met morele en sociale conventies doelen op zichzelf zijn geworden. De traditionele burgerij: de moralistische, plichtsgetrouwe en op de status-quo gerichte burgerij die vasthoudt aan tradities en materià «le bezittingen. De moderne burgerij: de conformistische, statusgevoelige burgerij die het evenwicht zoekt tussen traditie en moderne waarden als consumeren en genieten. (Motivaction.nl, 2010) Werkwijze Aanbodkant van toeristisch-recreatief vervoer Inleiding In dit hoofdstuk zullen we het gaan hebben over de verschillende mogelijkheden binnen toeristisch-recreatief vervoer in het algemeen à ©n gespecialiseerd op de sector vervoer over water. Er zijn drie doelen van het gebruik van transport die toegelicht zullen worden, namelijk: als doorvoer, als bestemming en als toeristische attractie. Mogelijkheden binnen toeristisch-recreatief vervoer Transport als doorvoer Het belangrijkste doel van het gebruik van toeristisch-recreatief vervoer is het transporteren van mensen naar een andere bestemming dan de plaats van herkomst (bijna 90%). Nadeel voor de touroperator is dat hij weinig tot geen controle uit kan voeren op de geboden service. Door middel van yieldmanagement zal er een poging worden gedaan een optimale mix van prijs en bezetting te behalen. Toch kan het vervoer gezien worden als een belevenis, mits er hoog wordt gescoord op de volgende criteria: het type transport, de persoonlijkheid van de toerist, de frequentie van het reizen en de reissamenstelling van de toerist. Deze criteria dienen te worden vergeleken met nadelen van vervoer als lange wachtrijen en vertragingen. Transport als bestemming Eenmaal op de bestemming aangekomen maken toeristen veelvuldig gebruik van vervoers-middelen als huurautos, taxis, busdiensten en veerboten. Vaak spelen vervoerders op de bestemming hierop in door producten aan te bieden voor specifiek gericht zijn op het toerisme. Hierbij kunt u denken aan excursies en kaarten voor het openbare vervoer in het gebied. Vervoer op de vakantiebestemming is goed voor 10% van het totale toeristische gebruik van vervoer. Transport als toeristische attractie In een aantal gevallen is het vervoersmiddel de attractie tussen bestemmingen in à ©Ãƒ ©n of meerdere landen. De grootste markt hiervoor is de cruise-industrie. Daarnaast zijn er voorbeelden van treinreizen als de Oriental Express, dagtrips met een ferry door Engeland en kanaalcruises door Amsterdam. Vormen van reizen De meest voor de hand liggende manier voor het analyseren van toeristisch-recreatief vervoer is door te kijken naar de verschillende vormen van reizen: land, water, spoor en lucht. De keuze van de toerist voor een bepaalde vorm van reizen hangt samen met invloeden als: afstand en tijd, status en comfort, veiligheid en nuttigheid, prijs/ service en dienstverlening, geografische ligging en de hoogte van de concurrentie tussen de verschillende diensten. Componenten Er kunnen vier basiselementen worden onderscheiden, namelijk: de weg, de wachtruimte, het vervoersmiddel en de drijfkracht. De weg kan omschreven worden als het middel waarin het vervoersmiddel kunstmatig (weg, rails) of natuurlijk (lucht, water) opereert. Wachtruimtes geven de reiziger toegang tot het vervoersmiddel of fungeren als schakel tussen verschillende wijzen van vervoer. Niet alle vervoersmiddelen hebben een geavanceerde terminal nodig. Zo stoppen stadsbussen bijvoorbeeld op plaatsen langs weg. Het vervoers-middel is het voertuig dat het vervoer vergemakkelijkt. De aard van het vervoersmiddel wordt beà ¯nvloed door verschillende factoren als: vraag- en technologische ontwikkelingen en drijfkracht, het belangrijkste element in de ontwikkeling van transport. Vervoersmiddelen kennen een steeds grotere capaciteit, zijn sneller en worden vooral milieuvriendelijker. De vervoersindustrie is een concurrentiegevoelige en complexe industrie. Verschillende vormen van vervoer, verschillende bedrijven en verschillende landen beconcurreren elkaar met hun product. Consumenten kiezen aan de hand van de volgende factoren voor een bepaald vervoersmiddel of bedrijf: veiligheid, kosten, snelheid, afstand, gemak, vertrek- en aankomsttijd, betrouwbaarheid, beschikbaarheid, flexibiliteit, service, comfort, prikkels en status en prestige. (Tourism principles and practice, 2010) Toeristisch-recreatief vervoersaanbod van de sector water Toeristisch-recreatief vervoer over het water kunnen we verdelen in vervoer per veerboot en cruiseschip. Rondreizen per cruiseschip zijn vervolgens onder te verdelen in zeecruises en riviercruises. Er zijn twee verschillen tussen aan te duiden tussen zee- en riviercruises: het soort water dat bevaren wordt heeft gevolgen voor het soort schip en bij een zeecruise wordt er s nachts gevaren, in tegenstelling tot bij de riviercruise, waar varen zelf juist de grootste attractie is en daardoor overdag gevaren wordt. De cruise is voortgekomen uit de overcapaciteit aan schepen, die ontstond toen er in de jaren vijftig geen of nauwelijks meer interesse bestond voor de lijndienstscheepvaart. Sinds de jaren tachtig en het begin van de negentiger jaren is de cruisebusiness in een stroomversnelling terecht gekomen. Jaarlijks boeken zon tien miljoen mensen wereldwijd een cruise. De schepen hebben zich ontwikkelt tot gestroomlijnde drijvende resorts die duizenden passagiers kunnen vervoeren. Ze var en voornamelijk in het Caribisch gebied, de Bahamas, naar Alaska en zelfs Antarctica. Daarnaast zijn er trans-Atlantische cruises naar New York en bescheiden cruises in de Middellandse Zee. In tegenstelling tot zeecruises vinden riviercruises voornamelijk plaats in Europa. Voor de Nederlandse markt zijn bestemmingen binnen Europa dan ook veruit het belangrijkste. Er worden cruises aangeboden op de rivieren: de Rijn, de Maas, de Donau, de Elbe, de Rhà ´ne, de Seine en de Don. Luxueuze riviercruises buiten Europa komen voornamelijk voor op de Nijl en de Mississippi. Ruim honderd jaar geleden werd de akte van Mannheim getekend, door landen die aan de Rijn liggen. In deze akte werd het varen op de Rijn aan regels onderworpen, hetgeen een grote invloed heeft voor de huidige scheepsvaart op de Rijn. Eà ©n van de onderdelen was, dat de schepen op de Rijn en haar zijrivieren bepaalde afmetingen niet mochten overschrijden, zodat à ©Ãƒ ©n van de belangrijkste kenmerken van een riviercruiseschip is in tegenstelling tot het zeecruiseschip dat het maximaal vier verdiepingen mag hebben, waardoor het schip onder de bruggen door kan varen. Door de bovengenoemde voorschriften komen in West-Europa de riviercruiseschepen niet boven de capaciteit van tweehonderd passagiers uit. De tarieven worden voornamelijk bepaald door de luxe van het schip. Prijzen liggen tussen de circa â‚ ¬ 100,- en â‚ ¬ 350,- per persoon per dag. (De wereld in toeristische bestemmingen, 2004) Wat betreft het vervoer van voertuigen en goederen op korte overtochten, bieden veerboten goedkope, betrouwbare en veilige diensten. Vervoer per ferry is de enige mogelijkheid in het geval van een afgelegen en klein eiland waar geen luchthaven aanwezig is. Denk bijvoorbeeld aan Griekenland, waar slechts 15 luchthavens tot 95 bewoonde eilanden dienen. In dit geval verbinden grote veerboten het vasteland, de havens en de eilanden met elkaar. Bovendien verzorgen kleinere regionale veerboten het vervoer tussen de eilanden, met name in het hoogseizoen. In veel gevallen kan de luchtvaart een uitstekend alternatief zijn voor het vervoer tussen de grotere eilanden en het vasteland. Het belangrijkste voordeel van de ferry in vergelijking met het vliegtuig is de prijs, gecombineerd met het feit dat passagiers op de bestemming gebruik kunnen maken van hun eigen voertuig. De populariteit van autovakanties en self-drive pakketten, evenals de invoering van het roll-on-roll-off principe die het voor de haven mogelijk maakt een groter volume van de voertuigen te verwerken tonen de stijging van de vraag naar veerdiensten aan. De geleidelijke liberalisering van het luchtvervoer in Europa, de daling van de kosten van vliegtickets en de ontwikkeling van alternatieve vervoersmogelijkheden hebben ervoor gezorgd dat veerdiensten vors investeren om hun schepen te verbeteren, de snelheid te verhogen en recreatieve voorzieningen te ontwikkelen. Routes met langere overtochten bieden de reiziger tegenwoordig een ruime keuze aan recreatieve voorzieningen en een consument-gerichte service. Moderne schepen als de catamaran en draagvleugelboten zijn in de afgelopen decennia op bepaalde routes ingevoerd. Moderne schepen hebben meer vermogen dan de traditionele veerdiensten en arriveren dus sneller op hun bestemming. Ze varen tot drie keer sneller dan een normale veerboot, terwijl ze een grote wendbaarheid en een snelle turn-around hebben in de haven. Daarnaast nemen ze veel minder ruimte in beslag dan traditionele veerdiensten waardoor ze een minimum aan dokfaciliteiten nodig hebben. Moderne schepen trekken dan ook voornamelijk up-market toeristen aan die de wens hebben hun bestemming zo spoedig mogelijk te bereiken. Nadelen van deze schepen: ze zijn veel duurder dan traditionele veerboten, kwetsbaarder in slechte weersomstandigheden en kunnen luidruchtig zijn. Naast de veerboot, het cruiseschip, de catamaran en de draagvleugelboot kennen we nog een aantal categorieà «n, zoals de binnenvaart, kleine pleziervaartuigen, het zeilschip en de rondvaartboot. Kenmerken van deze vervoersmogelijkheden zijn dat ze vaak op de bestemming zelf gebruikt worden of bevaren worden door de eigenaar van het vaartuig. Daardoor worden ze niet allemaal beschouwd als toeristisch-recreatief vervoer. (Tourism principles and practice, 2010) Recente cijfers cruisetoerisme: Terwijl een groot deel van de Nederlandse reisbranche de negatieve gevolgen van de economische crisis ondervindt, is de cruisesector bezig met een spectaculaire opmars. De cruisemarkt toont aan zich onder lastige omstandigheden aanzienlijk in de toeristische sector te blijven ontwikkelen. Nederland heeft daarentegen een flinke achterstand in te halen op echte cruisenaties, zoals de Groot-Brittannià «, Italià «, Duitsland, Frankrijk en Spanje. In 2008 werden er 4,5 miljoen cruisepassagiers geteld uit Europa, waarvan er 1,5 miljoen uit Groot-Brittannià « kwamen en 0,9 miljoen uit Duitsland. Desondanks is Nederland bezig met een opmars en de meest recente cijfers voor Nederland liegen er niet om. In 2008 nam het aantal Nederlandse cruisepassagiers al met ruim 44 procent toe tot ruim 48.600 en in het eerste kwartaal van 2009 kon de opgaande lijn voortgezet en versterkt worden, aldus Norbert van der Glas, voorzitter van de Dutch Cruise Council (DCC). Aan het einde van het jaar verwacht hij tenminste 60.000 cruisepassagiers te verwelkomen, wat een stijging betekend van 25% ten opzichte van het jaar daarvoor. Tot 1 april 2009 boekten ruim 38.000 Nederlanders een cruisvakantie, 47 procent meer dan in dezelfde periode in 2007. Als de prognose voor heel 2009 uitkomt is het a antal cruisereizigers in twee jaar bijna verdubbeld. De cruisemarkt is in rap tempo bezig zich te ontdoen van haar stoffige imago en spreekt een steeds jonger publiek aan. De beeldvorming is zich bij een breed publiek ingrijpend aan het wijzigen. Dat komt niet alleen door de voortdurende vlootvernieuwing, maar ook door de verjonging en modernisering van activiteiten aan boord. Natuurlijk hebben we nog steeds veel senioren onder onze passagiers, maar ook steeds meer families vinden cruisen geweldig, zo zegt Norbert van der Glas. Tenslotte krijgt de cruisemarkt een opwaartse impuls door het groeiend aantal vertrekken vanuit Nederlandse havens, verwacht Van der Glas. Mensen zien dat of horen daarover en krijgen dan ook zelf zin om op reis te gaan. Voor cruiseschepen die in Amsterdam hun thuishaven krijgen zal het effect door de verwachte komst van een tweede cruiseterminal nabij de Coentunnel op langere termijn positief worden beà ¯nvloed. De huidige Passenger Terminal Amsterdam (PTA) zal dan vooral voor dagbezoek van cruises worden gebruikt. Naar verwachting zal die ontwikkeling in de loop van 2013/2014 haar beslag krijgen. De spectaculaire opmars van de cruisesector werden gepresenteerd tijdens de lancering van de Dutch Cruise Council in 2009. Daarin hebben twintig rederijen of hun vertegenwoordigers in Nederland zich verenigd om samen het cruiseproduct in de breedste zin van het woord te promoten bij reisbranche en consument. De situatie op macro-niveau Inleiding In dit hoofdstuk zal onderzoek gedaan worden naar trends en ontwikkelingen op macro-niveau. Het doel van trendonderzoek is om voorspellingen te doen op de langere termijn. Het verschil met modes en rages is dat deze grillig en tijdelijk zijn, in tegenstelling tot trends waarbij het om langdurige, fundamentele, autonome maatschappelijke ontwikkelingen gaat. Er zal in dit hoofdstuk, tenzij anders vermeld, gebruik worden gemaakt van de andere kant van de vrije tijd (2007) en het artikel Trendwatching Trends voor 2010 (2009). Demografische ontwikkelingen De belangrijkste demografische trends in de westerse wereld zijn vergrijzing, ontgroening en gezinsverdunning. Vergrijzing betekent de opkomst van actieve en koopkrachtige senioren. Daarnaast ontstaat een groep ouderen die met een zeer beperkt inkomen dito mogelijkheden hebben. De ontgroening leidt tot een afname van de jongerenmarkt qua omvang, maar deze wordt deel gecompenseerd door toegenomen bestedingsmogelijkheden. De gezinsverdunning leidt tot een toename van het aantal uren huishoudelijke arbeid en daarmee op macro-niveau tot een afname van de hoeveelheid vrije tijd. De tijdsbesparende functie van nieuwe huishoudelijke apparatuur wordt daardoor op macro-niveau ook grotendeels tenietgedaan. Bevolking per component Net als de bevolkingsgroei laat de huishoudensgroei een langzaam afnemend verloop zien (Van Duin en Loozen, 2009). Ondanks het feit dat de huishoudensgroei de komende jaren met 0,5 tot 1 procent per jaar zal groeien, zal deze in 2040 geleidelijk tot nul zijn afgenomen. De relatieve groei van het aantal huishoudens zal in de aankomende jaren tweemaal hoger liggen dan die van het aantal inwoners. Dit wordt veroorzaakt door het groeiende aantal alleen-staanden, waardoor de gemiddelde grootte van huishoudens voortdurende afneemt. Een andere belangrijke oorzaak is de vergrijzing. Ouderen zijn na het verlies van hun levenspartner vaker alleenstaand dan personen van middelbare leeftijd. De laatste groep kiest er sinds de jaren zeventig steeds meer voor om ongehuwd samen te wonen. Omdat ongehuwde stellen hogere scheidingsrisicos met zich meedragen, zal deze informalisering gepaard gaan met een toenemende instabiliteit. De verwachting is dat de huishoudensver-dunning rond 2040 vrijwel uitgewe rkt is. Vergrijzing/ ontgroening Uit cijfers van het Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek die de nieuwe regionale prognose beschrijft van de periode 2009-2040 blijkt dat de vergrijzing in Nederland in de afgelopen jaren is toegenomen. In de periode tussen het einde van de Tweede Wereldoorlog en het begin van de jaren zeventig lag het aantal geboorten in Nederland beduidend hoger dan in de jaren ervoor en erna. Dit had tot gevolg dat Nederland hedendaags een grote bevolkingsgroep van 39-63-jarigen heeft. Het aantal ouderen zal door de instroom van de 39-63-jarigen vanaf 2011 snel stijgen. Het aandeel van 65-plussers zal stijgen van 15 procent in 2009 naar 26 procent rond 2040. Door de stijgende levensverwachting blijven ouderen bovendien steeds langer in leven. Van de mensen die dit jaar 65 werden zal naar verwachting in 2025 ruim 70 procent 80 jaar worden. Van de mensen die in 1990 65 jaar werden, haalde slechts zon 60 procent de 80 jaar. Het verschil in vergrijzing tussen stad en platteland komt duidelijk tot uiting indien gekeken wordt naar de verstedelijkingsgraad. Niet-stedelijke gemeenten hebben over het algemeen een oudere bevolking dan stedelijke gemeenten. Volgens de prognose neemt dat verschil de komende decennia nog iets toe. In de regios Amsterdam, Den Haag, Rotterdam en Utrecht blijft het aandeel ouderen tot 2040 lager dan een kwart. In deze regios zijn de grote steden economische groeipolen en deze oefenen, gecombineerd met een groot aanbod aan (onderwijs) faciliteiten, een sterke aantrekkingskracht op jongeren uit. Bevolkingsgroei en -krimp Na de sterke bevolkingsgroei in de jaren vijftig, zestig en zeventig, veroorzaakt door de aanhoudende geboortegolf en de grote stromen immigranten die Nederland ontving, is hier in de 21ste eeuw langzaam een kentering in gekomen. In snel tempo daalde de bevolkingsgroei in de eerste helft van dit decennium en bereikte in 2006 een dieptepunt toen de bevolking met slechts 24 duizend personen groeide en er voor het eerst sinds lange tijd sprake was van een vertrekoverschot. In 2007 trok de immigratie weer sterk aan, met een recordaantal van 143 duizend in 2008. In de bevolkingsprognose van het CBS wordt verwacht dat de bevolkings-groei van Nederland nog zon 30 jaar zal aanhouden. Wel zal het tempo veel lager liggen dan in het verleden. Is krimp op nationaal niveau dus nog niet aan de orde, voor bepaalde regios en steden ligt de situatie anders. Diverse grote steden hebben, als gevolg van suburbanisatie, in de tweede helft van de vorige eeuw hun inwonertal zien afnemen. Deze trend is over igens gekeerd door nieuwe inzichten in het beleid en daarmee samenhangend meer woningbouw aan de randen van de grote steden. Meer informatie over deze ontwikkeling is te vinden onder het verstedelijking, verderop in dit hoofdstuk. Huishoudensgroei en -krimp/ Afnemende omvang van huishoudens In beleidskringen heeft de discussie over groei en krimp meestal betrekking op het aantal personen. Voor de woningbouw is het echter veel belangrijker hoe de ontwikkel

Problems of Human Services Clients Essay

In this paper, I will be describing the range of problems facing human services clients and how the specific helping skills that can be used with clients. There are many problems a human services faces with a client. The needs can range from helping clients with issues such as, substance abuse, mental or physical illness, grief, disabilities, caring for children and families, domestic violence, Veterans, and a personal loss. Also, a human services clients can have a large range of family problems that can lead into more difficult problems. (Woodside & McClam, (2011). A human service worker must gain clients trust to help a client get the best possible help they need. For instance, some predictable problems are due to a rapid change in society such as loss of jobs, homeless of families with disabilities. However, we all need to work together as a team so that we can provide help with their daily needs. In addition, when human service professional is working with a child they must identify if the home is a safe place to live. Also, a human service must ensure that a child have its basic needs to survive. They can also work with the parents by helping them with family planning such as birth control for each individual. Moreover, a human service professional can also help with parenting classes for their parents. Some countries cultures are different. However, there are several ways a human service can guide parents how to fill out an application for food stamp assistance so that the family will have a meal to eat every day. Another problem a client may face is to find good childcare for their child. For instance, a client may have job, but can’t afford a daycare for their children due to low pay wages. (Woodside & McClam, (2011). Human services help clients that need assistance with low income housing. There are some people facing problems with domestic violence in their home. However, most situations can be dangerous and physical violent causing someone to get hurt or bodily injury causing a death. Moreover, children living in a violent environment can be in danger for their lives. Therefore, a child can be taken from their home by human services because the child is no longer safe. Human service helper must take the necessary measures to finding a foster or an adoptive parent for their client children’s. The primary categories of problems that affect a client of human services are gather together into social-cultural barriers. Moreover, there are a huge figures that affect clients whom need services under this group. There are many problems in some cultures, a women can’t accept family planning services from a human service provider because the woman can’t make that decision. They would have to get permission from their husbands. Communication is the key to understand one another by sending messages to each other. We use communication to get to know the client perspective of the situation. (pg. 201). A human service provider pay close attention of the client by focusing on the verbal and nonverbal messages from a client. Communication is a very important factor in helping with a client. According to Woodside & McClam, (2011). Furthermore, communicating with one another can make the problem solving process of a client flow smoother. Woodside & McClam, 2011 report that communication involves sending a message to another person with the conscious intent of affecting the receiver’s behavior. (pg. 201). In figure 7. 2 (pg.  201) shows the method when a person is receiving the message and if he understands the sender message correctly this is an effective communication. A message can be verbal or nonverbal. For instance, a client can walk into a human service office, the helper say to him verbally,† Hello, how are doing today? † A verbal communication is when words come out of a person mouth. The client didn’t speak to the human service provider, he just shrug his shoulders and nodded his head forward. The behavior of the client was non-verbal because he didn’t show any reaction. The well-educated skillful helper interpret the sender’s message by the client behavior. (Woodside & McClam, 2011). (OKUN & Kantrowitz, 2008). Reported the professional worker is able to hear what the client was saying by the way he reacted. Moreover, a person may smile and give out a handshake, this a non-verbal behavior. Non-verbal behaviors consist of a client’s posture, tone of voice, gestures, eye contact, and touch. For example, when we first go out on a date, we want to impress the other person by smiling, talking in a soft low voice. Furthermore, good eye contact is better whenever, we are communicating with each other. Therefore, we must make a good impression when we first meet a person. Next step in helping skills that can be utilized with a client is listening and responding. (pg. 204). Listening and responding according to Woodside and McClam, (2011). Researched that the way we listen and respond to person is very important in the helping skills process because a human service provider can build a trusting relationship with their client. Moreover, a person must hear what the other person is saying by sending a message verbally or non-verbally. Some people think they are good listeners, but most people aren’t. (See Table 7. 3). (Woodside & McClam, (2011). There are healthy behaviors in communication such as, verbal behaviors. Verbal behaviors are mirroring a person feelings, clarifying, showing a sense of humor, providing information that a client needs, explaining helper roles, sharing information about oneself, being non-judgmental, asking questions, making the right use of gestures and touching. Nonverbal behaviors are making eye contact, listening to a person, smiling, nodding head one’s head, leaning forward, maintain a relaxed posture, facing the client, displaying facial expression, being punctual, and maintaining a moderate rate of speech. (pg. 204). In addition, we must focus on the client by utilizing these helping skills to help provide the necessary help a client may need. In the text book, (pg. 205). There is a certain kind of listening a human service engage in is called responsive listening or active listening. There are two ways of responsive listening or active listening that is presented by Egan (2010, pp. 134-135) he offered that there are many things that a helper can do to talk to a person that they are paying close attention. (Woodside & McClam, (2011). In conclusion, Egan (20) researched that there are five behaviors that a human service professional can follow to let their clients know they are listening. First, s means face the client, O means adopt an open posture, L means lean toward the other person, E means maintain good eye contact, and R means try to be relatively relaxed. Furthermore, these are acronym SOLER. Moreover, remembering these acronym can show a person that the helper is listening. Attending behavior is another way a helper can let the client know that they are pay attention and listening. In this paper, I have discussed some ranges of problems facing human service clients and specific helping skills that can be used with clients.

Grant And Lee: A Study In Contrasts Essay

In recent years, there has been enough thesis studying General Grant and General Lee in contrasts. No wonder, because they are some of the most iconic figures in the new history of the United States. Both became military under the pressure of family circumstances. Both were outstanding participants in the Civil war. But the memory of Ulysses Grant is passed on from generation to generation while tombstones to Robert Lee are now threatened with demolition. Let us turn to comparison and study in contrasts lives of Bruce Catton Grant and Robert Lee. Ulysses C. Grant was born on April 27, 1822, in Point Pleasant, Ohio. Already at an early age, the young general was helping his father on the farm. After visiting a lot of private schools, his father decided that he should make a soldier career. Thanks to the petition of Congressman Thomas L. Hemmer, Grant was admitted to the military academy in West Point, New York. Grant obeyed his father’s wishes, not experiencing much enthusiasm for the servicemen. In 1843, he received the patent of an officer and started serving in the 4th Infantry Regiment of the United States. By the time of war against Mexico (1846-48), comrades’ remarks about the excessive use of alcohol by Grant belong. After numerous warnings from his superiors, he resigned in the summer of 1854. Although his wife’s family had slaves, he found as right thing to fight on the side of the union. Soon Grant for his success in the military field was appointed general of the brigade. After under his command the Confederates from Kentucky were forced out, Lincoln conferred on him the rank of Major-General. Grant was distinguished by logic, calculation, and perseverance in conducting military operations, and his troops showed a high fighting morale. After the Civil War, Grant retained the main command of the US Army. In 1866, Congress conferred on him the rank of general. It was the war that gave Grant his place in life. Being a War Minister, he has accumulated extensive management experience, although he was repeatedly reproached for incompetence required for the highest state office. In the presidency, general saw an opportunity to maintain a war victory by restoring the political unity of the state and guaranteeing civil rights. Grant won elections in 1868 thanks to the program that promised reconstruction of the South, suffrage for liberated slaves and economic recovery of the southern states. But general in choosing ministers and advisers relied chiefly on the persons he knew the height of service. Promising much, Grant, however, was satisfied with the small. During his second term, no measures were taken to resolve social and political problems between races, so conservative forces in the South gained the upper hand. Also, a general refused his initial striving to reform the cabinet of officials, has managed to provide posts only to his closest friends. The extent of corruption and bribery cases surpassed all previously known. Criticism against Grant grew. The most lasting influence was â€Å"panic of 1873† when banks were closed, and the timid efforts of the ministry could not improve sad situation. Mismanagement, embezzlement and large speculation accelerated economic downturn. After the end of the presidential term, Grant departed from politics. The hero of the Civil War died on July 23, 1885, in New York. Despite military successes, in the history of the US, General Grant refers to weak presidents. He was considered as a passive politician who followed the directions of Congress, instead of implementing his own ideas. Venality represents his government in an unfavorable light. His policy towards the southern states is often assessed as half-hearted, as Grant nevertheless tried to protect the civil rights of the black population. One gets an impression that he perceived his presidency as a kind of vestibule to political rest. In combination with naivetà ©, such attitude created a danger of manipulation. Therefore, a general didn’t justify the hopes that were placed on him. Robert Edward Lee was born in 1807, in Stradford, Virginia. As his father soon had serious financial problems, in fact, mother raised the future general. If Grant’s fate was determined by his father, then Robert Lee’s life path was connected with economic difficulties. The only way out in similar situation was to enter the famous military academy West Point. Robert Lee, who was not only diligence in his studies but also a great physical force, could become an ideal officer in the American army. And he became it. While studying at the academy, Lee was one of the best Cadets, not having received a single penalty from a higher command. After finishing he was assigned to engineering troops. But the career of a war engineer did not give the desired advancement in titles. In addition, service in the outback was burdened by an officer who could not fully engage in his family. In the end, Robert managed to achieve transfer to cavalry. By this time he was already 48 years old. In 1861, Abraham Lincoln invited Colonel Lee to lead the land forces of federal government, as conditions in the Southern States heated up to the limit. Herewith, Robert was regarded as a convinced opponent of slavery. However, being a native of the South, a colonel wrote a petition for resignation, stressing that he was not able to participate in the invasion of his homeland. The general, who is seen as a symbol of militant slave-owners, for many years kept a large family for modest state salaries, and acquired slaves, only obtaining an inheritance at the age of 50 years. While the commander of the army of the North, General Ulysses Grant was a slaveholder. His â€Å"laborers† were freed only after the amendment to the Constitution abolishing slavery came into force in 1865. Colonel Lee turned to Jefferson Davis, the president of the Confederation, and offered him his services as a soldier. So, Robert rose to the general’s epaulets, engaged in the creation of a regular army of the southern states. Lee participated in the planning of numerous military operations and then headed the Army of Northern Virginia. Commanded by general, the troops achieved impressive success. Yielding to the northerners in the strength and preparedness, Lee defeated them after defeat. His name has turned into a nightmare for his enemies. Robert Lee enjoyed great respect from the opponents. In particular, Ulysses Grant called him â€Å"Ace Peak†. But in 1865 Lee’s army was forced to capitulate. The federal government amnestied Robert Lee. He died in 1870, until the end of his life engaged in the organization of assistance to former soldiers of the Confederation. For a long time, merits of General Lee were recognized by a lot of US patriots, regardless of political beliefs. The situation began to change not so long ago when in America there was a â€Å"left-liberal† coup, expressed on a symbolic level in a rigid refusal of memory of all representatives of the Confederation. Thus, as we can see, General Grant and General Lee study in contrasts summary show that they were in the best light only in the military field. Of course, Ulysses proved to be luckier than Robert. But, as we know, the truth is always on the side of the winners. Lee’s reluctance to fight against the southern states testifies to his high moral qualities. After all, he did not advocate the extension of slavery, but for the independence of the South. Whereas Grant refers to the type of people who try to transfer their successes from one sphere to another, without sufficient knowledge and skills. In this regard, General Lee is more honest, because he was engaged in one thing, not pretending to be a connoisseur of politics.