Steinberg Analysis

The Accordion Family: Boomerang Kids, Anxious Parents, and the private toll of Global Competition (83-92) The model family is only a myth, nothing more. There is no such thing as a perfect family where there is no problem, no disputes and fights. As I read through â€Å"The Accordion Family', I actually feel as if the model family can only break family down and cause more disappointment in reality. In the accordion family, the kids come back to live, usually temporarily, with their parents because of financial problems or they are trying to pursue an interest that requires he help of their family.Well then, society might view the kid who is trying to pursue his own interest with the help of his family as a slob and that he/she is ruining his family by staying around doing nothing. But the only reason society would even be thinking that is because they are comparing it to a model set forth 5 decades ago. They are still basing that today's â€Å"perfect† family will still be ex actly the same as it was back then. I think that as the social, political, and economic situation of a culture and society change, the standard for a â€Å"perfect† family also change.I also put the word perfect in quotation mark, as I want to show that the word perfect has high amount of flexibility. There is no one defining perfection. The model family was a model that was set forth in the 1950 where economy was booming; optimism is high in the air. This is not the case for the 21st century, we have only recover from the great recession and maybe due to the circumstances that is provided, a family where everyone stick together, pit their effort and wealth together is actually the best solution right now.Also the model family is created for the American Culture, but hat about the Chinese culture, the Indian Culture, and the Middle Eastern Culture. Some of these cultures have the parents and the children and the children's spouse and the children's children all living togethe r. This is their definition of a perfect family. Maybe the accordion family, the boomerang kid is Just another model of the perfect family that is used by another culture. Chapter 1 â€Å"Quality Time Redefined† (93-99) I think the hidden implication of the model family is that the family supposes to spend time together.Such as playing board games after dinner, attending church on Sunday, and simply interact with each other Just that much more. The only problem with this is that these all seem to be forced. Playing board games after dinner would kind of be like playing video game together after dinner speaking on today's term. Well the model family is suppose to be the perfect happy family, but how can a family be happy if one or more member of the family is force to do stuff they do not want to be doing.Let's say I want to play Madden 08 but my mom wanted to play Dance Dance Revolution, then whatever game we play, one of us will be stuck playing a game that we did not wanted to play. I believe that a family usually knows each other well enough to know what each other's interests are. Then when there is an activity that comes up where every single-family member's interest is met, they can all Just go and enjoy the event together. I don't agree that the advancement in technology is lowering the quality of family time. If anything I think it is improving the quality of family time in a different way.Usually when my family spends family time together, it always ends in an argument or dispute because there is always someone in the group that do not want to be doing whatever we are doing. So as a matter of fact for my family, the traditional way of spending family time is actually decreasing the quality of family time. When my family Just all gathered together in a big room and do our own stuff, we all tend to go to bed happier and with out an argument. We were able to do what we wanted to do and we are still able to be around each other.On the other hand we would have been around each other but we would not have been able to do what we wanted to do. Also I think that the title of this article is completely correct on what quality time should be. I honestly believe that quality mime should be redefined. We are a nation that is constantly changing socially, politically, and technologically. The reason that families spend time playing board game 5 decades ago were because they do not have the technology we have to do other stuff together. The model of the perfect family is a model that needs to be updated for the people of the current era.Chapter 2†³Learning Power: The Myth of Education and Empowerment†(103-109) Education is a powerful tool. With it we can change those around us, modify the culture of others and push our self further than those around us. Also the education hat we have give us a sense of authority over other there we are defined by what we learn and where we go for school. Because education is highly value, th e demands for education has rise which in turn raise the price for an education with it. Since Education can be used to change the way a culture think, it can be used to control the way that a population will be.The myth of empowerment is that with education it can shaped us to be more educated and more qualified to make decisions. But the other side of the story is that with education will are only focus on a single point, the acts and the material that we have learned is so embedded in our mind that we are not flexible to changes and new ideas. In this 21st century, there has been a new rise to what determines our identity and that is education, but the myth dispute whether what we know and learn in school defines the kind of people we are.The myth of education and empowerment also say that it is a chance to provide people with a chance for equality and a decent life. The motto is that you will get rewarded for the hard work you do. This is the American dream that everyone is afte r; if you have the education, you have the empowerment to do what is beyond what you are currently doing. Chapter 2 â€Å"Idiot Nation† (121-136) To answer the chapter's first question, â€Å"NO, I do not feel like I live in a nation of idiots. † Maybe the reason I feel this way is because I'm on a campus surrounded by some of the most educated and informed people I will meet in my life. DRP.Moor's repeated used of sarcasm shows that he is angry and irritated with how uninformed the American public is. I think he is Justify in how quickly people believe what they hear especially from someone with authority. The myth said that those with higher education usually feel more empowerment to make opinion and other also perceived them with more empowerment to make opinion. This is true with a terrible side effect as DRP. Moore show here. DRP. Moore demonstrates that the public will blindly follow those with higher education even though those with higher education may not be e ducated in the field they are making an opinion about.Also those with higher education want to maintain their status of empowerment therefore they are not willing to admit when their position are in the dark. Even when they do not know what is going on they will try their best to BBS their way out of it. The myth of the education is a caving effect. The uneducated blindly follow the educated that makes uneducated opinion for the uneducated to follow. Then when the next generation come up the uneducated are making opinion that is not correct. DRP. Moore in his example demonstrated someone with prestigious education that is leading the nation, George W. Bush. George W.Bush went to Harvard and Yale therefore he must be educated, right? Well according to the myth, George W. Bush is one of the most educated and empowered to make decision, but DRP. Moore showed that even though George W. Bush had an upper education, his education might have only been Seibel because of his families influen ce. This shows that Just because someone has education does not necessarily empower him or her to make decisions. Just because someone has education does not necessarily make his or her opinion more valid. America believes that education is power, yet they do nothing to fix up the condition that their future is studying in.The myth said that America believe that a proper education is one of the most important aspect of a good future, but it is ironic how they are not even willing to turn their attention to fix up the most important tool to a DOD future. This in a way goes to show how educated the â€Å"educated† leader we have leading us is really are. The educated leader that we have in our society does not solve the problems, instead they let the problem pile up and then point finger at the one that is actually trying to make a difference. Maybe this sense of empowerment is just severely overrated.Chapter 2 â€Å"l Just Want Be Average† (151-162) The myth of educatio n and empowerment is that if we work hard, we will have a fair chance at the life that we are working hard for. If we work hard, our hard work will be repaid back to us. Well in Mike Rose's situation that is not the case, his education did not even start out by being fair. He was given an identity base on how he scored on a test and it was not even his test ironically. The myth of education and empowerment is false as not everyone get a fair chance at life despite how hard they work.The myth of empowerment is what leads to the abuse of the power of education. Education can be use to empower people with the ability to make decision or it can be a formula that is entrench into people's mind so that they are following a guideline that they are taught when they are young. This was happening in Mike Rose's vocational school. The education system did not give the kids a chance to do well in life and school. The kids are taught life skill so that when they come out they will be better to s erve society.And when it comes time to teach what really matter, it seems as if education has Just abandon them and left them behind. The myth of education and empowerment is the belief that everyone has an equal chance to empower himself or herself and further their ability to go beyond what they are currently capable of doing. Yet this is not true as the education system is the exact opposite of that. The education system tries to create ridges so that there will be those to work the lower end Jobs and those to work the managerial position. It seems as if the idea that education is fair is only a myth.Education is also the idea that it empowers us to make educated decision. Well that is Just simply Just a myth, as in Mike Rose's case, our educated leader would hire â€Å"empowered† teachers to teach the vocational class; the teachers usually would Just not care. ON the other hand McFarland, someone who is â€Å"unqualified† to teach is actually making an attempt to e ducate the kids. This really shakes the foundation that education empowered us the ability to do stuff. I think that instead of education empowering us to make decision and do stuff, it should be our action and our intent that be our empowerment.Chapter 2 â€Å"Social Class and the Hidden Curriculum of Work† (163-179) The myth of education is that it should provide a fair chance for everyone to be accomplish in life. The idea is that if we simply work hard, we will be rewarded with for our hard work. This is not true in the American system and I can speak from personal experience. As Anyone demonstrated all of these school are separated into class by their possessed wealth, not by their capability and potential. As soon as the child of a poor family steps into school, his education will be to teach him to serve and obey order.This is not a fair chance for the child to be accomplish in life. It ironic how education is supposable to be the only way for those who are at the bott om to become those who are at the top, but in reality education is a way to push them further down and entrench a guideline so deep in their minds they will never come out of their pit. Education also empowers people to make the best decision. The teachers in the lower end school are empowered to make decision. But it seems as if their decision re harmful to those who the decision are being made for.This bring into question, are those who are educated really empower to make decision. Education is a powerful tool, but I believe that it's entanglement with empowerment corrupt the pure intent that education should truly be. When people see education as a way to power themselves with authority, then education is not use in the way it should be. This can be prove the opposite too. People with education want to maintain their authority so they use education to squash those who they believe should stay at the low end to serve them.

Decision Analysis Tasks Essay

I was asked to provide a distribution pattern that minimizes shipping costs and provides adequate availability and demand. I used transportation modeling to solve this problem. Transportation modeling is â€Å"an interactive procedure that finds the least costly means of moving products from a series of sources to a series of destinations† (Heizer & Render, 2011). This tool is used to determine the best distribution pattern for multiple locations. It is best for this problem because it allows for us to determine how many products can be held at each location to give Shuzworld the lowest shipping costs. The original setup had an optimal shipping cost of $13,600. It had 1300 pairs housed at the Shanghai warehouse. Shuzworld H had 300 pairs in Warehouse 1, 200 pairs in Warehouse 2, and 1800 pairs at Warehouse 3. Shuzworld F had 2200 pairs housed at 1 warehouse. The recommended plan lowered the optimal cost to $13,400. The Shanghai plant will house 1500 shoes in Warehouse 2, with an additional 1300 shoes held in case of increased demand. Shuzworld H will hold 300 shoes in Warehouse 1, 1800 shoes in Warehouse 3, and an additional 200 shoes will be held for increased demand. Shuzworld F will have 2200 shoes held in Warehouse 1. This will allow all of the warehouses to hold enough products to meet current demand, with additional products in short shipping distance. This cuts down on shipping costs as well as time waiting on the production of more shoes. As the market demand increases, additional shoes can be delivered from the holding warehouse. The next task is to find the most reliable machine set up for the computer-driven shoe machine process. â€Å"Reliability is the probability that a machine will function properly for a specified time† (Heizer & Render, 2011). In order to provide reliability, it is critical to provide backup systems for all computers. When operating computers fail, production can be slowed, or stopped altogether. The initial system had an overall reliability of 76%. There was no backups for any of the machines. Machine  1 had a reliability of 84%, Machine 2’s reliability was 91%, and Machine 3 had a reliability of 99%. The first possible setup, and ultimately the recommended setup, was to backup Machine 1. This led to an overall reliability of 84%. Backing up Machine 2 only gave a reliability of 82%. Backing up Machine 3 only gave a reliability of 76%. Therefore the recommendation is to backup Machine 1 and increase the reliability to 88%. The next task is to provide the optimum number of shoelaces to order, using appropriate cost balancing. The economic order quantity (EOQ) is the order amount that allows for an optimum level of materials at the lowest cost possible. There is a demand ofr 300,000 shoelaces per year. The setup cost is $125 per order. There is a $.10 holding cost per unit. The optimal order quantity recommended is 27,386.13 shoelaces per order, with a maximum inventory of 27,386.13. This means that we will order just the amount of shoelaces needed to fulfill current production orders. The average inventory is 13,693.06 shoelaces. There will be approximately 10.95 orders per year. The annual setup cost is $1,369.31, and the annual holding cost is $1,369.31. This makes the total cost per year $2, 738.61. This decision tool allows us to calculate the correct amount needed per order to ensure that we are lowering operating and holding costs, while keeping production properly stocked. The last task was to determine if Shuzworld would benefit from a one-cashier or two-cashier waiting line system. There is typically an average of 6 customers being serviced at any given time. There is typically a customer being services every 5 minutes, so the service rate is 12 customers per hour. One server is typically busy 0.5 of the time. There is usually 0.5 customers in the queue at any given time. There is 1 customer in the system at one time. This means that a customer spends 0.08 hours (5 minutes) in the store waiting to be serviced. A customer spends 0.17 hours (10 minutes) in the store making their complete purchase. This is too much time for a customer to wait and be serviced. This long wait time may dissuade sales, as customers do not want to wait to be helped or pay for their purchases. Using a two-cashier system is a more efficient option of Shuzworld. The average server utilization is 0.25, meaning that 75% of the  time, there is a server available to help customers. There is 0.03 customers in the queue at any given time, with 0.53 customers being served at one time. This means that the customer spends 0.01 hours (.33 minutes) waiting to be served, and 0.09 hours (5.33 minutes) in the store completing their purchase. This system allows the customers to get into the store, pick out their items, and pay in less than 6 minutes. This will definitely encourage future business with the company. Customers want to have the least amount of time spent in a store, and waiting for service may cause some to leave without making a purchase. This analysis tool allowed us to determine which system would provide the best times for the customers of Shuzworld. References Heizer, J., & Render, B. (2011). Operations Management (10 ed.). Prentice Hall.

Biography of Franklin Delano Roosevelt Essay

The 32nd president of the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, accomplished many things during his three terms in office. Being the only president ever elected to more than two terms, it is easy to suppose that he was a well-rounded president. His leadership, success in getting programs passed, management of economic and domestic policy, foreign policy, and role as Chief Party Leader all contribute to an overall grade of an A for his presidency. First off, as the symbol of the country and the presidency, Franklin Delano Roosevelt gets an A. He showed great character and leadership with his thirty â€Å"fireside chats† on the radio. With these, he was able to soothe the thirty five million people listening. It was successful too, in that, after his first in which he assured the safety of keeping money in a reopened bank, confidence was restored and the banks began to open up. His ability to master the press contributed strongly to his overall public opinion and showed he had good character. Also, in WWII conferences such as Casablanca and Teheran, Roosevelt represented the country well in his efforts with the Allies to stop Nazi Germany. His leadership of the country and his character are the reason that he was the only president ever to be elected to four consecutive terms as the leader of the country. Particularly with the New Deal, FDR was rather successful as a policy and legislative leader. With the nation in the midst of the Great Depression, there was a lot of pressure on the president to take immediate action. Beginning with â€Å"the first hundred days,† Roosevelt shut down the banks and met with Congress. He was able to get 15 major bills approved regarding the economy in attempts to get it back on track. With such turmoil happening in the country, FDR was very efficient in getting bills passed by Congress, which is why he deserves an A. Though the actual success of each program may be questioned, his quick action and role as a policy and legislative leader was executed well. The same is true for when the United States became involved in WWII. This situation again demanded quick action and Roosevelt pulled through by passing various acts such as the Lend Lease Act and Neutrality Acts. Though again these may not have always had the best outcomes, his initiative and f air thinking are what gets him an A for this category. FDR’s most noted domestic policies while in office were those of the New Deal. With a nation pressuring the president for change, Roosevelt developed a plan called the New Deal. The principal acts were done during his first hundred days, as mentioned earlier, in attempts to achieve his goals of relief, recovery, and reform. Regarding the economy, Congressed passed the Glass-Stegall Banking Act which established the FDIC, a very important act after the crises leading up to the Great Depression. By stopping the bank runs, he was able to steer the economy in the right direction, creating a corporation that is still used today. In addition, under his presidency, the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was established, giving jobs to young men while at the same time conserving both human and natural resources. With the young men being able to send the money back to their families, it was a way to decrease unemployment and boost the economy. Another important issue was his repeal of t he Prohibition through the 21st amendment. This gave much needed revenue to the country and provided employment. Despite these successful acts of domestic policy, Roosevelt was not always so brilliant. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration, one of the New Deal agencies, increased unemployment, frustrated farmers, and was eventually deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. His intentions and theories to end overproduction were good, just not executed well. Another of Roosevelt’s reforms is Social Security. This is perhaps one of the most controversial of his policies. Some loved it and some hated it. In fact, the benefits of this administration are still debated over today with people calling into question the longevity of its existence. One problem that Roosevelt seemed to face was his long-running battle with the Supreme Court. Consisting of older aged, ultraconservative men whom Roosevelt had not appointed, the Supreme Court was something the president wanted to change. To fix it, he asked Congress to permit him to add up to 15 justices to the Supreme Court. This attempt to â€Å"pack† the court cost Roosevelt severely in the eyes of the public. It was his away of going around the Constitution in order to be able to keep more of his programs and agencies from the New Deal. In total, despite also several failures, many of FDR’s domestic policies were good. They helped relieve some of the stress set on by the depression. However, that’s all they did – relieve. His policies and the New Deal did not cure the country of the Great Depression, only temporarily masked the problems with only of his agencies still existing after his presidency. For these reasons, I give Roosevelt a B for his domestic policy. In the beginnings of a second world war, Roosevelt had important foreign policies that were crucial to the United States’ welfare. With an attempt to end the Depression, Roosevelt was initially going to send a delegate to take part in the London Conference. However, upon a second look, he decided that international agreements about the value of the dollar might restrict him in domestic recovery. This begins a trend toward increased nationalism and eventually to the United States’ views on isolationism. Though we are unable to tell what might have come out of the conference, it seems like a poor decision for Roosevelt to leave America totally on its own from other countries. Along with this idea of isolationism, through the Tydings-McDuffie Act, the United States freed the Philippines (after 12 years). This act was more beneficial for the United States than the actual freed country because of less foreign competition for sugar, as well as fewer people competing for jobs. Overall, it did help the U.S.; however, it also kind of abandoned the Philippines with not-so-nice economic terms. In contrast to these inward-looking acts, Roosevelt also created the Good Neighbor Policy with Latin America. He focused on consultation and nonintervention in hopes to unite the Western Hemisphere against any powers on the other side of the world. This was a smart move after withdrawing ties from Europe and Asia. It was a good idea that ended up being very successful for him and Roosevelt ended up with the title of â€Å"traveling salesman for peace.† In such fear of war, Congress passed the Neutrality Acts so as not to be brought into the violence like had been done in WWI. However, Roosevelt later changed these Acts to mean that an arms embargo be established for both Loyalists and rebels. As far as Roosevelt’s foreign policies go, this one was really bad. So scared of war, they basically aided in Franco’s taking over of the republican government of Spain. This in turn led to the strengthening of the European dictators, leading to the second world war. For this reason, Roosevelt’s grade goes down. Then, in 1941, neutrality had its meaning changed again. Really, it was thrown out the window with passing of Lend-Lease Act. The reasoning behind it was very understandable. Arm the other fighting democracies with weapons to defend against Hitler, or allow them to fall and have the U.S. face them alone. Knowing the risk, and after many debates, it was finally approved. It also set up the United States for war production when they did fight. However, the Lend-Lease Act ultimately was what brought them into the war once they had to start using armed Destroyer ships to take them to Britain. Roosevelt’s idea was good, however the consequences were bad. Later in the war, Roosevelt met with Churchill and Stalin for the Teheran Conference. Here, the three agreed upon a plan to attack Germany from the East as well as from the West. This was an incredibly important part of Roosevelt’s foreign policy since it was the beginning of the end for Nazi Germany. The Allies were able to recover France from the Nazis and continue their fight with Germany. Though Roosevelt died a month before V-E Day, his position as Commander in Chief for the past twelve years caused the United States and the Allies to defeat Germany. Though nobody is perfect, Roosevelt was able – through all decisions, good and bad – to stop the Nazis and ultimately save Europe. For these reasons, Roosevelt gets an A as Commander in Chief. Franklin Delano Roosevelt was strong in communicating with the public was well as dictating foreign and domestic policy. For this reason, his party grew during his presidency and so he deserves an A as Chief Party Leader. He started the â€Å"FDR Coalition† for his first term to get votes. Throughout his successes in the beginning, he was able to change many Republicans into Democrats, strengthening the Democratic Party for years to come. In addition, he also aided more Democratic candidates in all areas of government into office. With Roosevelt in office, the party grew both in voters as well as representation in Congress and other branches of government. His role as Chief Party Leader was done well and that is why he gets an A. Franklin Delano Roosevelt came into office at first having to deal with the struggles of the Great Depression. He was then later faced with the challenges of World War II, attempting to protect the United States as well as all Democratic countries from Nazi takeover. Anyone faced with these difficult challenges would have their ups and downs. FDR, on balance, was a good president and gets and overall A for his role as a country symbol, legislative leader, manager of the economy, Global leader, Commander in Chief, and Chief Party Leader. Works Cited Bailey, Thomas Andrew, David M. Kennedy, and Lizabeth Cohen. The American Pageant. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. Print. Hughes, L. P. â€Å"†FDR AS NATIONAL LEADER†Ã¢â‚¬  Austin Community College – Start Here. Get There. 1999. Web. 06 Apr. 2011. . Mintz, S. â€Å"The First 100 Days.† Digital History. 2007. Web. 01 Apr. 2011. . http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/database/article_display.cfm?HHID=468 (80%) http://www.austincc.edu/lpatrick/his2341/fdr.html (shrink 90%, page 4)

Jones-Smith as Guest Speaker Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Jones-Smith as Guest Speaker - Article Example The duty of care ensures that Jones-Smith as guest speaker for the New Year’s Eve festival organized by Mayor of London is owed a duty of care by the event host and implementing or assigned officers. The host or the officers involved should not have allowed Jones Smith to suffer any unreasonable harm or loss –physical, emotional or even financial. Jones-Smith suffered several losses and damages: disability, loss of life of his aunt Anita, loss of ability to conduct economic and personal activities, as well as the loss of Anita’s relatives since Anita is a sole provider of seven-year-old Sona. In addition, with the event shown live on television and viewed by Anita’s close relatives Sona and Paula, defendants may also be liable for the state of shock, or psychiatric injury. The tort of negligence may be applicable to Jones Smith’s case. This means that the breach of duty must be established against the Mayor or his officers-on-duty during the event that Jones-Smith was about to deliver his speech and throughout the duration of the event where Jones-Smith was expected to grace the event. The tort of negligence originated from the case of Donoghue (or McAlister) v Stevenson ruled in 1932 (UK Law, 2010). Lord Atkin’s speech became the cornerstone for the neighbor principle on the duty of care. This requires individuals to be reasonably careful about their actions and omissions in order to avoid harming others.

Principles of Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Principles of Economics - Essay Example There are economics variables and principals of solving the problem of alcohol abuse. First, by increasing the prices of alcohol, the authority will require that the goods will not be easily affordable, and it would require people to stop in order to afford it. The government would be required to accumulate tax on a product that is used in fermentation or to increase the tax of finished products. Increase in tax will force producers raise the prices of alcohol. Lastly, economist suggests that by limiting the place and time used in taking alcohol can minimize the cases of alcohol abuse. Authorities in many countries have passed legislation that increases the time costs used in taking beverages. High costs licences are levied to those that require more time to develop their businesses and also restricting certain area by increasing the cost of doing business (Cook, 2002). Alcohol abuse can also be mitigated through packaging. The government through legislation can control the least amo unt of alcohol that can be packaged in a container. The aim of control is to minimize the affordability of beverages. Large amount of alcohol would be more expensive than when packaged in smaller packets (Cook, 2002). Question 2 Prescription drugs are those drugs that require a prescription from a doctor before one can use them. This problem has affected the free flow of drugs, therefore, affects the supply and demand of other goods. Prescriptions drugs are taken with other goods. Example, doctors prescribe drugs and encourage meals that increase the health of patients to help them recover from their ailments. Therefore, prescription drugs complement other product like food, fruits and beverages. Increased use of prescribed medication increases the demand for food, fruit and beverages and reduction of the same reduced the need of food, fruits and beverages (Anderton, 1977). Prescription drugs change the demand and supply of other drugs. Patient who would rather buy drugs over the co unter do not do so when they seek medication from doctors. Therefore, increase in prescription drugs reduces the provision of other drugs in the market. Prescription drugs increases the demand for medical service. Specialized medical doctors earn a lot when more patients seek their services. As more and more cases that need patient to seek medical attention, the demand for those services increases. However, decrease in the supply of prescription drugs has a negative impact on doctor’s services. Question 3 Elasticity is the sensitivity of supply and demand to changes in the affecting factors. Elasticity can also be defined as the degree of variation of demand when price change or the amount of change in supply when price changes. Elasticity is a key factor to consider when there is a shift in supply because it determines the degree of a change in the quantity supplied. Elastic demand curve has little effect when there is a shift in the supply curve. Inelastic demand curve has a large magnitude on the shift in the supply curve (Stonebraker, 2013). On the other hand, elasticity of supply is a factor to consider in the shift of the demand curve because it elasticity help determine the extent of the quantity demanded in a given time. A shift in the supply curve when is less when the demand curve is relatively elastic. Inelastic demand curve has a significant change in the quantity demanded in case of a shift in demand curve. The principal of elasticity of demand and supply in the shift of

Self Efficacy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Self Efficacy - Research Paper Example Before I was incarcerated, I had just finished college and I felt I had my whole life ahead of me, I was supremely confident and proud of my considerable academic achievements. I considered myself an objective person and was always focused on bettering my skills abilities as well as social life, despite the fact that I had several offers from leading companies, I was in view of setting out on my own with my friends to start a company. While I was aware of the fact that being employed was a safer bet, I was determined to start life on my own terms, the challenges of being entrepreneurs seemed like something I could handle and overcome. When faced with challenges, people with law self-efficacy often back down and give up (Bandura, 1993) I was the exact opposite, challenges spurred me into more action and strengthened my resolve. As I said, the world was at my feet, I was determined I would make my first million before my college mates who had gone onto formal employment had paid off th eir collage loans. My two partners shared my optimism, but they often thought me too ambitious, however, within the within two years, they came to appreciate my confidence and I rubbed of them. We designed, created, and sold software and thanks intellectual effort, combined talent as well as several calculated risks, we were had several solid contracts and money was coming in regularly if not comfortably. In a way I believe my high sense of self-worth; propelled by my success slowly turning into arrogance and a feeling of invincibility, what more, I could not bear to loose and would often bend and even break the law. In my quest to land us a contract, I had found out that the main competitor was an old rival from college, working for a competing firm, and decided that I would get it by all means. I started by befriending one of the managers in the firm where we had applied for the contract. I even subtly suggested in one of our private meetings that if my firm got the contract, I wo uld make it worth his while; this was the mistake that brought down my career. Initially he was reluctant and even appeared offended, I thought I might have gone too far but when he agreed to a second meeting, I threw caution to the wind, in my mind, my charm and convincing attitude had won him over. The truth is he had reported my conduct and had received instructions to lead me on, but I was too blind to see this, he talked about how he was having money problems and mentioned he was in the committee dealing with our contract. I took the bait and mentioned a figure, and he agreed, three days later as I handed him the money in a brown envelop in the same restaurant we met on the first day, and I was arrested. Admittedly this was not the first time I had done such a thing, but what I did not know is that the authorities had been investigating me and when the manager reported me, they came in for the kill. Efficacy works both ways; one is not only confident on their abilities and capa city for success indeed while research has often pointed to self-efficacy being related to convectional purists and positive development even criminal traits benefit from the same. I pleaded guilty, and cut a deal with the prosecution to, so my partners would not be involved since they were very ignorant of my activities, my efficacy was still intact, as I blamed no one but myself. However, in prison I had time to think and reflect on my actions and motivation, I realized my arrogance and ambition had been

Human resources management Staffing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human resources management Staffing - Assignment Example o the initiation of disengagement includes: employee not being considered for promotion, the real job is different from the original job description, a very close colleague has been fired from his position, a great job opportunity from another organization and conflict with other employees of the employer (Branham 12). Other reasons due to which employees disengage includes: loss of trust, less training and less career advancement opportunities and lack of appreciation. Organizations do not meet some of the promises they have made to the employees due to which employees lose trust in their employers and tend to leave. Employees do not want to remain in the same position of the organization for years they want to excel in their careers To get a better career they need training and if training is not provided by organizations, employees forfeit their position. These are some of the several reasons that may trigger the event of disengagement. 3. The competition and workload on managers is increasing day by day and they have ignored various signs of disengagement expressed by employees. High rate of absenteeism, unacceptable behavior, negativity towards work are some of the early signs of disengagement and these signs can help employers identify that an employee is going to disengage. 4. If employers or managers determine that a particular employee is going to disengage from the organization, the manager should take measures to counter the problem. One of the reasons of disengagement is loss of trust; the managers can re-establish the trust factor with the employee by providing benefits that have been promised to the employee. Another reason of disengagement is lack of training; managers can provide training and career advancements to motivate them. The managers can stop the disengagement process by rewarding employees for their achievements and making them feel that they are very important to the organization. Another factor of disengagement is that employees feel

Marchs Analysis of Organizational Decision for Siemens Essay

Marchs Analysis of Organizational Decision for Siemens - Essay Example Power segment deals with power generation, transmission, and distribution. Transportation segment covers transportation automotive and systems. The medical segment provides products, solution, and services for healthcare department. Lighting segment produces high tech electronics, financing, and real estate offers corporate financing and risk management. Â  It is very vital to understand the business nature, its products, and procedures for better analysis of the company’s existing strategy and its outcomes. First, we will analyze the company’s position using the Cyert and March’s decision-making theory. Â  Problems that a company faces induce goals. When a company is faced by issues, the management of the company set some goals so that it can come over the issues and achieves the benchmarks it has set for itself in light of its past experience and performance. After the crisis in 2000 in The United States of America that followed Europe in 2001, the company’s main goal has been to try to stabilize its position. The various sectors of the organization were affected by the crisis. The level of budgets that should be invested was radically cut down. The main focus of the company had been to restore its sales and market share since after the crisis. As shown in the case study, the net income of the company fell down to 2,088 million Euros from 8,860 million Euros. Economic Value Added to the company went into negative from 7,095 to (743) million Euros. Company’s stock performance fell, so did its stock price. The market capitalization of the company was deeply affected a s well. So the company’s major goal had been to restore its market share, increasing the efficiency of its business so that the same level of income should be restored by taking proper measures to minimize the threat of any potential economic crisis.

Improving Communication Skills with Active Listening Essay - 1

Improving Communication Skills with Active Listening - Essay Example Though it might sound very easy at first but that is not the case because there are many factors that are involved which can prove to be hindrances in the process of hearing, some of these factors can be external i.e. noise, for example, may interrupt a conversation or hinder your understanding of what the person is saying, another aspect is internal which is when you might not be interested in the conversation and your mind wanders off the topic. Another problem that is linked with listening is that the mind has the ability to think 4 times faster than any speaker, hence there is a processing gap, the mind tends to wander off rather than concentrating on what the other person is saying and that could cause some sort of misunderstanding. Does this mean that one would have to listen to every word the other person is saying? Not necessarily, but what is imperative is that you listen to the person and build a mental image of what he or she is trying to put across, the message should be concentrated upon and mental images of what is being put across should be developed in the mind. How these problems could be overcome so that one becomes an effective listener and understands what is being put across more often than not? The answers lie in active listening, active listening means that one is not just listening but is carrying out an action or actions that involve him in the whole process as well. The first thing that should be done is that the listener should have empathy for the speaker, what that means is that the listener should place himself in the shoes of the person who is speaking, this helps by understanding the situation in a much better manner. The second point is that there should be acceptance of what is being said, acceptance does not by any way mean that you accept or agree to whatever is being said but it largely means that you accept whatever a person is saying might be true and right, you should not jump to conclusions and you cannot be judgmental, what happens is that the lag time between the speakers ability to speak and the minds ability to process is used up by the mind to think of rebuttals to a what a person is saying and that hinders the listening process because you are being judgmental of what is being said are on the lookout to counter-attack.  

Seamus Heaney Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Seamus Heaney - Essay Example Some of the prizes he has won include the T.S Elliot Prize, Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize, the Lannan Literary Award for Poetry and most notably the Nobel Prize in Literature, just to name a few. Seamus Heaney was born seventy three years ago (in 1939) in Castledawson, County Derry in Northern Ireland. He was the first born in large family, having eight siblings to show for it (McCarthy 9). His father, Patrick Heaney was a cattle trader in Castledawson and most of young Seamus’ childhood was spent in the rural setting. This environment of the countryside, fuelled with other factors would prove to be important, forming an integral part of Seamus’ literary works, especially his poetry. Seamus Heaney attended a local primary school in his native town. At the tender age of twelve years, he won a scholarship to attend St Columb’s College. This was a catholic boarding school, also found within the environs of his native town. During his time at St. Columb’s, he gained further skills that would later help him map out his career. He learnt Latin and Irish languages, a fact that was crucial in his turning out to be a translator. In 1953, his family moved out from his rural County of Derry. However, his thoughts, feelings and aspirations were still strongly entangled with his rural homeland. After St. Columb’s College, the other education pot that Seamus drank from was Queen’s University in Belfast. He graduated with a degree in Literature in 1961 from Queen’s. While there, he studied Anglo-Saxon, another contributor to his translation skills. He was to later on, (1966-1972) come back to lecture at his former school. His writing career o fficially began while he was at Queens. His first works that earned him recognition came about in the 1960s (Buttel, 12). It is at about the same time when he met his wife, Marie Devlin. Marie

Neo-Classical Art and Romanticism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Neo-Classical Art and Romanticism - Essay Example It was also an era of revival of early Christian art. . Many Baroque artists painted biblical scenes that to give the stories a touch of realism (Maureen, n.p.). Neoclassicism Neoclassicism is a very famous and powerful western movement in literature, architecture, painting, and music, decorative and other visual arts. It started in 1760s and ended in 1850s. Its inspiration and idea emerged from the classical art and culture of ancient Rome and ancient Greece. It is also known as the renewal of artistic norms and principles of Classical ancient times. Neoclassical Art was considered mainly plain, ordinary and unemotional form of art as compared to former periods. One of the main and major reasons for the start of neoclassicism is the discovery of ancient art works at the exploration and excavation of Herculaneum and Pompeii ruins. Neoclassical art highlights tradition, courage, nationalism and sacrifice. Neoclassicism spread all over Europe. The countries in which neoclassical art wa s mostly used were France and England. Oath of the Horatii   Oath of the Horatii  was painted by Jacques Louis David in 1784 before the French Revolution. Oil paint was used. Its dimensions were 10' 8" x 13' 9" (3.3 m x 4.2 m). The picture depicts the scene of three brothers before departing for battle. They are willing to die because of their patriotic duty to their government. Story behind the painting is that a war going on between Rome and Alba for many years. A decision is made that the final battle would be in the battle field (Roberts et al, 231). The painting is an expression of a new style that is Neo Classism Art. The men are wearing robes which are of roman style therefore we can classify this painting as â€Å"neoclassical†. It is mainly about loyalty to the king and the established rule .Oath of the Horatii represents the people's sacrificial loyalty and commitment to the Roman Republic. The topic of the painting has an extreme patriotic and neoclassical view . The picture depicts the scene of three brothers before departing for battle. They are willing to die because of their patriotic duty to their government. Story behind the painting is that a war going on between Rome and Alba for many years. A decision is made that the final battle would be in the battle field. In the painting there are three men, who seem to be warriors, stand facing a vital figure. The painting spotlights around the three men on the left and one old man in the center. It depicts that they are one. The oath is taken by three brothers with the support of their father. The two groups were of three brothers from Horatii family in Rome and three brothers from Curiatii family in Alba.One of the Horatii sisters is married to one of the men on the other side the Curiatii and one of the Curiatii sister is married to one of the Horatii brother. In the painting two women are crying on each other’s shoulders on the right. They seem to be in sorrow. They seem to be wiv es of Horatii brothers. A woman is shown crying with two children. She is the sister of Horatii brothers. The father of the Horatii family is shown in the picture taking his sons oath to fight till the death. When the battle ended only one of the six men survived. He was a Horatii. Father is the hero of the story. He sacrificed his sons for the greater good of the people. The idea here is that one must be ready to sacrifice for the country. The colors in the painting are soft and gentle. The only color that is bright and prominent is red which

A Christmas Carol Essay Example for Free

A Christmas Carol Essay What evidence is there in A Christmas Carol of social, cultural and historical contexts? A Christmas Carol is rich with historical, cultural and social contexts, all poignantly intertwined throughout the text. As the story is set in Victorian times, we are immediately given a sense of time and place in stave 1, by descriptions of both customs and daily routines. As the tale was set so long ago, there were obviously no modern appliances or conveniences. Dickens shows this as he describes Scrooges counting house. Scrooge had a very small fire, but the clerks fire was so much very smaller that it looked like one coal, and tried to warm himself at the candle. We are also given an insight into the era when Dickens outlines customs in the streets Meanwhile the fog and darkness thickened so, that people ran about with flaring links, proffering their services to go before horses in carriages, and to conduct them on their way The language used, I believe, is also influential to the overall story. Again Dickens is setting a time frame, which the tale adheres to, and the phrases used by some characters highlight this I am sorry with all my heart to find you so resolute. We have never had any quarrel, to which I have been a party. But I have made the trial in homage to Christmas, and Ill keep my Christmas humour to the last, Stop till I shut the door of the shop. Ah! How it skreeks! There ant such a rusty bit of metal in the place as its own hinges From the beginning of the novel and, obviously due to its title, we can see that there is much influence from the cultural aspects of Christmas. As the story is set in the festive season, great emphasis is stressed on Scrooges attitudes compared to those around him at this traditionally jovial time of year/ This is a major factor in the structure of the story, although it is the general social and cultural side of the holiday rather than the religious meaning. In fact religion is only suggested once, It might be pleasant to them to remember upon Christmas Day, who made lame beggars walk and blind men see, but isnt as important as the suggestion of charity and kindness to ones fellow man. The social aspects of the time, particularly the attitudes of some upper class towards the lower classes, play an important role in the story and are voiced by, and then turned against, Scrooge. When asked whether he wishes to support a charity, Scrooge replies that prisons and workhouses are all the charity the poor need. The harshness of these remarks are later presented to Scrooge in a different context and he begins to realize the full error of his ways- a major point in the story. Dickens, contrary to Scrooges thinking, later criticizes these opinions when we are shown the extent of the Cratchits poverty. I believe the sympathy Dickens arouses when describing the house, stems from his own childhood where he was forced to work in a workhouse similar to those Scrooge talks about. This, I think, provides strong emotional aspects in the text and enables Dickens to effectively compel his audience to disagree with the social views presented.

Can Advertising Influence Our Life We Live Media Essay

Can Advertising Influence Our Life We Live Media Essay These days every one sees advertising in their life, however this person has not watched TV or listened to the radio. Normally,an average person who watches television 1 to 4 hours a daye. During these hours of watching Tv,there is a big profiibility, because it has an impact on peoples choices by showin them the new and available product that this person watches advertisement. It is powerful on attracting consumers psychologically, visually and also culturally. but the problem is that can these attractive advertising affect our life or not? The propose of this conceptual paper is to understand the influence of advertising on our life. In this paper I satudy forth part which is important in our llife such as culture, health and economy. Key words: advertising, effect on people life 1.Introduction These days advertising is Wherever you live in the world, whether it is Europe, America or Australia ,even you live in rural city you will see advertising. You can see advertising in several ways such as: newspaper , radio ,TV and billboard which puts up along the roadside,so it is ubiquitous and virtually unavoidable for the average consumer. In begin it si better to know what advertisment means:Advertising is a communication tool which by the marketers to inducing the potential buyers to purchase certain product or service. It plays a pivotal role in achieving the financial and commercial objectives of the companies concerned. The role of advertising is also vital in the cutthroat competitive environment . advertising shows to their demand a bit more of the marketers towards informing, educating and facilitating the customer as to how to have a timely access to certain product or a service in a novel and innovative way. The marketers are therefore devising ways to make advertising more effective.General Attitude of College Students Towards Consequences and Impact of Television Advertising in Pakistan 592 Despite the fact that advertising is an effective tool for the business along with its being an important element of the modern age and a fast growing industry, the public image of advertising is still a matter of great concern. (ODonohoe,1995). Advertising is criticized for its presenting misleading information, promoting adverse values, fake claims, subliminal seduction messages and persuading people to buy things they no longer need (Katona, 1964; Pollay, 1986; Pollay and Mittal,1993). Again, this industry is blamed of spreading unsustainable consumption patterns around the world over and encouraging excessive consumption. All the foregoing aspects are apt to hinder its effectiveness as well as efficiency as a marketing tool (Beales et al., 1981; Calfee and Ringold, 1987; Pollay and Mittal, 1993; Wright, 1986). Therefore, it is critical of the advertising concerns to follow the public opinion advertising for its for reaching impact on the economy, cultural values and our health. (Wills and Ryans; 1982.) 2)Effect of advertising on culture Culture is one of the significant aspects which is changed by seeing advertisement. Be for being of this part, it is essential to know what culture means that the way of life which includes beliefs, aesthetics and institutions of a civilization. This definition shows that culture is more effected by advertising, because images used in advertising are often idealized, they eventually set the standard which we in turn feel we must live up to. firstable, The essential goal of advertising is to convince the consumer that he or she would have a better life if he/she used this advertised product. Of course they also tell us the only way we can reach the level of beauty, intelligence, or some other value is through the use of their product. For example, with the Give your hair a Boost! ad, it is obviously counting on the woman with gorgeous hair who fills up the entire ad and is used to make you wonder if your hair is good enough. (Fruit Kicks) The text in the ad is minimal and that which is there is very weak in arguing for this products superiority. The advertisers main hope is when you go to buy personal hygiene products, you will remember the beauty of the woman and the healthiness of her hair. (Fruit Kicks) They are confident their target audience will transfer feelings they get from this womans appearance toward the product and will end up purchasing it. Secondly,advertisment affect on people daily progromm.for instance; if there is a sport that is getting a lot of attention by the media and gains popularity among your friends and society, you will more likely want to practice the sport and be cool with all your friends,so you will have fun with your friends and be more healthy because of the exercise you are doing. Also,our spoken language is impacted by seeing advertising.for example, the language used in an advertisement, many times, is influenced by the new generations with new words that may have not existed ten years before. This example is a proof of the development of culture as well. Indian example which shows us how advertising changing their Indian life. As village politician Chandraprakash Dwivedi said Now village girls want to dress like Rani Mukherjee in Bunty aur Babli this within four weeks of the release of the film. Men want a hairstyle like Radhe Bhayya in hit movie Tere Naam. Bindis. Many other aspects of culture have been sacrificed in favour of western influences. Folk music and travelling singers have given way to cassettes and compact discs. Although information and communication links that television, cinema, radio and newspapers have brought about are a lot; it is undeniable that they have had a very strong impact on the masses who watch them. Culture and social structures have suffered, as have traditional art forms and methods of communication. 3) Effect of advertising on our economy Advertising plays a critical role in a market economy. As Dr. Kenneth Arrow and the late Dr. George Stigler, said: Advertising is a powerful tool of competition. It provides valuable information about products and services in an efficient and cost-effective manner. In this way, advertising helps the economy to function smoothly-it facilitates the entry of new products and new firms into the market. 3.1-First, according to Georges quote, Advertising plays a significant role in the business cycle In a country in which consumer spending determines the future of the economy. Advertising motivates people to spend more by conveying useful information, which tells them about product and service choices, and accelerate the regular acceptance of new products and to lift the level of acceptability of established products, so Consumers who view the advertisement update their information and consumption decisions and may purchase the product. In fact demand for product, which advertisement showed, goes up so company s profit increase. Also this event cause on companys security, it means by increasing its profit,its finance is more stable, so company feel more safety. Finally, company decide to increase the number of its product or it wants to make a new product. for each of them it needs new employee. Thus, advertising makes a job or it increase employment in our society. For example U.S. advertising accounts for about 2.5 percent of the countrys $14 trillion gross national product. American consumers rely heavily on advertising to influence how they spend some $9 trillion annually on various goods and services. A 1999 study by one of the countrys premier econometric modeling firms, the WEFA Group, and Nobel Laureate in economics Dr. Lawrence R. Klein further underscored this economic impact. The study found that advertising played a key role in generating 18.2 million of the 126.7 million jobs in the United States in that year. 3.2-secondly,advertising reduce selling cost. Companies believe that advertising is one of the best way which can introduce their new product to their costumer even other people which do not have any information about their product. They know that it is impossible to introduce their product to each person face to face. It takes a lot of time. In fact their money and their time is wasted by doing this work. At least this event increase their product selling cost, so advertising helping them by showing their product to other people and reduce selling cost. 3) Effect of advertising on our healthy Effect of advertising on health Most people have learned what they know about health from personal experience,from friend and relative, form government , from the family doctor and ,,,,. Advertising is one of the way which is learned people about their health by showing the good point of their product ,which is goof for their health. In fact , these advertising influence people by making good impression that can persuade them. Some of these products advertising are not really good for the health. 1)For example tobacoo advertising. These companies use term such as light to misunderstand smoker by believing that brand is safer and reduce health risks more than others, so thy will continue to support these company by buying cigarette. 2)another example of which is make mislead smoker is that sometimes cigarette ads are placed next to wight loos ads in magazines. Many young girls suffer from weight issue, so when they see cigarette ads and weight they decide to use it more than before. In other hand, some of unhealthy products depict peoples imagine. For example: 1) Tobacco companies show smoking look glamorous and cool, so teens are so concerned with their image and want to look like the models that are in the advertisements, they will start smoking cigarettes. 2) Beer advertising shows that if you drink this brand of beer you may catch your dreamy girl. It is one of wishes that young boys have, so they lead to drink more this brand of beer. these daye Beer is the beverage of choice for many youth, and between 1998 and 2002, industry spending on televised beer ads increased 45 percent to $972 million. Figure2 competes beer with other alcohol drink .: According to this figure ,we understand how much beer advertising is successful than other alcohols drink such sprit and wine .it has more fanner because of its advertising

Discovery and Development of Antibiotics

Discovery and Development of Antibiotics Introduction An antibiotic is a single or a group of substances normally got from micro-organisms that hinder the development of a certain different micro-organisms or even destroy them. They are obtained from extraordinary microorganisms or other living frameworks, and are delivered on a modern scale utilizing a maturation process. In spite of the fact that the standards of antibiotic activity were not found until the twentieth century, the first known utilization of anti-toxins were from the Chinese more than 2,500 years back. Today, more than 10,000 anti-microbial substances have been accounted for. Right now, antibiotics are a billion dollar industry that keeps on growing every year. The variety of antibiotics presently available can be grouped by different methods like the chemical structure they are made of, the micro-organisms from which they are obtained, or the action they perform (Tatsuta, 2013). They can also be designated by their range of action, e.g., Tetracycline, cephalosporin, po lymixin etc (Tetracycline, 1989). http://www.explorecuriocity.org/portals/2/Symposia/Antibiotics/_2993.jpg http://cdni.wired.co.uk/19201280/a_c/antibiotics.jpg https://www.fredhutch.org/en/news/center-news/2004/03/infection-protection/_jcr_content/articletext/imageplus/image.img.jpg/1321308084306.jpg The discovery In spite of the fact that for a considerable length of time preparations got from living organisms were put to wounds to demolish contamination, the way that a microorganism is equipped for devastating one of other animal types was not proved until the last of the 19th century. At the point when Pasteur noticed the opposing impact of other microbes on the Bacillus anthrax, he highlighted that this activity may be put to remedial utilization (Louis Pasteur, 1923). Then the German physicist Paul Ehrlich built up the thought of selective toxicity which states that certain chemicals that would be lethal to a few living beings, e.g., Irresistible microscopic organisms, would be innocuous to different life forms, e.g., People. In 1928, Sir Alexander Fleming, a Scottish scholar, watched that Penicillium notatum, a typical mold, had decimated staphylococcus microbes in culture medium (New Culture Medium for Penicillium notatum, 1947). In 1939 the American microbiologist Renà © Dubos exhibited that a dirt bacterium was fit for decaying the starch like case of the pneumococcal bacterium, without which the pneumococcus is innocuous and does not bring about pneumonia (Finland, 1978). http://www.fleming.estranky.cz/img/picture/3/alexander-fleming-quotes-2.jpg http://randomfactsblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/20-Louis-Pasteur.jpg https://edc2.healthtap.com/ht-staging/user_answer/avatars/1560705/large/open-uri20131228-9945-h4ifng.jpeg?1388269653 Development of antibiotics Antibiotics are made in the industry by a procedure of aging, where the source microorganism is developed in substantial holders (100,000 – 150,000 liters or additionally) containing a fluid development medium (4529545 Isolation of chemically unstable antibiotics from fermentation solutions, 1985). The concentration of oxygen, degree of temperature, pH of the medium, and supplement levels must be idealistic and are nearly observed and balanced if important. As antibiotics are optional metabolites, the populace size must be controlled deliberately to guarantee that most extreme yield is acquired before the cells dies. When the procedure is finished, the antibiotic must be removed and decontaminated to a crystalline item. This is less complex to accomplish if the antibiotic is dissolved in natural solvent. Else, it should first be uprooted by ion exchange, adsorbed, or precipitated on a chemical. Microorganisms utilized as a part of fermentation are seldom similar to their partners in nature. This is on the grounds that species are regularly and hereditarily adjusted to yield the most quantities of antibiotics. Mutation is regularly utilized and is supported by presenting mutagens, for example, bright radiation, x-ray beams, or a certain chemicals (Freeling, 1988). Determination and further multiplication of the higher yielding strains over numerous eras can raise yields by 20-fold or more. Another system used to build yields is quality intensification, where duplicates of qualities coding for catalysts included in the anti-infection creation can be embedded once again in a cell, by means of vectors, for example, plasmids. This methodology must be nearly connected with retesting of antibiotic generation and adequacy. Notwithstanding the wide array of known anti-infective agents, less than 1% of antibiotic agents have medicinal or business esteem (Antibiotic agents, 1975). For instance, while penicillin has a high helpful profile as it doesnt by and large influence human cells, this is not the situation for some other antibiotics. Different antibiotics just need preference over those as of now being used or have no other handy applications. Helpful anti-infective agents are regularly found utilizing a screening procedure. To lead such a screen, isolates of a wide range of microorganisms is refined and after that tried for creation of diffusible items that restrain the development of test creatures. Most anti-infection agents recognized in such a screen are as of now known and must accordingly be dismissed. The rest to be tried for their specific toxicities and restorative exercises, and the best hopefuls can be analyzed and conceivably altered. http://image.slidesharecdn.com/mukherjisirppt-140514044556-phpapp01/95/metabolites-antibiotics-by-fermentation-4-638.jpg?cb=1400042849 http://media.i24news.tv/upload/cache/medium_image/upload/image/afp-ba034f876ea09e71954f1fda34f7c26ad79be9e6.jpg http://dailysciencejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/bug.jpg Safety and environmental issues of the production and the product itself The large scale manufacturing of antibiotics started amidst World War II with streptomycin and penicillin. Presently, most antimicrobial agents are delivered by organized maturations in which strains of microorganisms delivering significant returns are developed under ideal conditions in supplement media in aging tanks holding a few thousand gallons. The mold is strained out of the maturation soup, and afterward the antibiotic is expelled from the stock by filtration, precipitation, and other detachment systems. At times new antimicrobials are lab blended, while numerous antibiotics are created by artificially adjusting regular substances; numerous such subordinates are more powerful than the characteristic substances against contaminating creatures or are better consumed by the body, e.g., Some semi synthetic penicillin is viable against microorganisms impervious to the guardian substance. Potential problems with antibiotics Antibiotics are either infused, given orally, or put into the skin as an applicant. A number of them, while strong against infective specialists, additionally cause lethal symptoms. Some, similar to penicillin, are exceedingly allergenic and can bring about skin allergies, shock, and different indications of sensitivity to allergens (Against Antibiotic Resistance, 1999). Others, for example, the tetracycline, reason real changes in the intestinal bacterial populace and can bring about super infection by parasites and different microorganisms. Chloramphenicol, which is currently being used limitedly, produces extreme blood ailments, and utilization of streptomycin can bring about ear and kidney disease (Mortality from Chloramphenicol, 1961). Numerous antibiotics are less successful than earlier in light of the fact that anti-toxin safe strains of microorganisms have risen. Quality control is of most extreme significance in the generation of antibiotics. Since it includes an aging procedure, steps must be taken to guarantee that truly no defilement is presented anytime amid generation. At this end, the medium and the greater part of the transforming hardware are completely steam cleaned. Amid manufacturing, the nature of every last one of antibiotics is looking out for a normalancy every now and then. Of specific significance are successive checks of the state of the antimicrobial culture during fermenting. These are done utilizing different chromatography strategies. Additionally, different physical and substance properties of the completed item are checked, for example, pH, liquefying point, and dampness content. In the United States, anti-microbial generation is very controlled by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Contingent upon the application and a kind of anti-toxin, pretty much testing must be finished. For instance, the FDA obliges that for specific anti-toxins every bunch must be checked by them for adequacy and virtue. When they have ensured the clump would it be able to be sold for general utilization. https://explorable.com/images/antibiotics.jpg http://a57.foxnews.com/global.fncstatic.com/static/managed/img/fn2/video/876/493/antibiotics%20in%20hand%20istock.jpg?ve=1tl=1 http://www.onlineclinic.net/images/blog/injectable-l.jpg Scope for improvement and future of antibiotics Since the advancement of a new medication is a costly affair, pharmaceutical organizations have done almost no research in the most recent decade. Notwithstanding, a disturbing improvement has prodded a restored enthusiasm for the advancement of new antibiotics. It just so happens, a portion of the ailment causing microorganisms have altered and built up resistance to a large number of the standard antibiotics (Butler, 2012). This could have grave outcomes on the worlds general wellbeing unless new antibiotics are found or enhancements are made on the ones that are accessible. This testing issue will be the center of exploration for a long time to come. Researchers are attempting to grow new methodologies to battle the developmental risk of micro-organisms that present antibiotics cant battle. A few specialists are trying new substances; for example, silver, to consolidate with antibiotics to support their killing force. Different scientists are making the utilization of hereditary sequencing of microbes to help create executioner medications at a quicker pace than therapeutic science was equipped for previously. Another system expects to render destructive microorganisms unequipped for contaminating individuals, as opposed to killing the micro-organisms through and through. One such procedure would kill infection, bringing about poisons by disturbing the microscopic organisms interior components. Conclusion Antibiotics have a limited lifetime in light of the fact that resistance is inevitable, therefore, theres dependably a need to innovate. Bacteria have methods for shielding themselves against other microorganisms, and most anti-toxins are obtained from the poisons they utilize. Distinguishing and growing new anti-microbial is a long and moderate process (NEW ANTIBIOTICS, 1976). Whether the anti-toxin will be valuable in treating individuals stays to be seen. The principle issue with recognizing new anti-microbial isnt that they dont work, yet that they cause serious symptoms or danger, drug creators say. References 4529545 Isolation of chemically unstable antibiotics from fermentation solutions. (1985). Biotechnology Advances, 3(2), 276. Against Antibiotic Resistance. (1999). Science, 283(5402), 601p-601. Antibiotic agents. (1975). Nature, 256(5516), 442-442. Butler, C. (2012). Antibiotics: Responding to a Global Challenge. Antibiotics, 1(1), 14-16. Finland, M. (1978). Pneumonia and the Pneumococcus. Chest, 73(4), 562. Freeling, M. (1988). Mutation, developmental selection, and plant evolution. Cell, 55(6), 934-935. Louis Pasteur. (1923). BMJ, 1(3236), 37-37. Mortality from Chloramphenicol. (1961). BMJ, 1(5231), 1019-1020. NEW ANTIBIOTICS. (1976). Inpharma, 22(1), 7-7. New Culture Medium for Penicillium notatum. (1947). Nature, 159(4027), 22-22. Tatsuta, K. (2013). Total synthesis of the big four antibiotics and related antibiotics. J Antibiot, 66(3), 107-129. Tetracycline. (1989). Reactions, 236(1), 8-8.

Herbert Hoover Essay -- History

Herbert Hoover Herbert Hoover called it a "noble experiment." Organized crime found it to be the opportunity of a lifetime. Millions of Americans denounced it as an infringement of their rights. For nearly 14 years—from Jan. 29, 1920, until Dec. 5, 1933--the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages was illegal in the United States. The 18th, or Prohibition, Amendment to the Constitution was passed by Congress and submitted to the states in 1917. By Jan. 29, 1919, it had been ratified. Enforcement legislation entitled the National Prohibition Act (or more popularly, the Volstead act, after Representative Andrew J. Volstead of Minnesota) was passed on Oct. 28, 1919, over President Woodrow Wilson’s veto. The 18th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States not only prohibited the "manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors," but their importation and exportation also. It was adopted after a nationwide crusade by temperance groups, notably the Women’s Christian Temperance Union, or WCTU. The amendment was enforced and defined by Congress in the Volstead Act. One result of the amendment was that the production and sale of alcoholic beverages became the province of organized crime. Americans did not stop drinking, and their demands for liquor were met by wide-scale smuggling and bootlegging, much of which was controlled by such gangs as that led by Al Capone in Chicago. The era of prohibition ended in 1933 when the 18th Amendment was repealed by the twenty-first Amendment. The stage was set for more than a decade of combat between the "wets" and the "drys"—those determined to keep drinking and those determined to enforce the law. In retrospect, the period has been called the Roaring Twenties and the Jazz Age. New music appeared along with new dances, a new feminism, and a general relaxation of standards after the rigorous years of World War I. The new mood was in complete contrast to the moral earnestness of many Americans who were determined to remain the ideal "Victorians." Organized efforts to limit the use of alcoholic beverages began in the United States during the 1820s. A by-product of the religious revivalism sweeping the nation, Prohibition soon became part of the whole social reform movement that preceded the Civil War. The earliest reformers called for moderation, not total abstinence, but as ... ...bition did not achieve its goals. Instead, it added many problems to those that it intended to solve. It came along in a social period where it was just simply unrealistic to have any success. The only beneficiaries to that of Prohibition were bootleggers, crime bosses, and the forces of big government in all of its corrupt forms. Though it failed to improve health, welfare, or America as a whole, the experiment with prohibition affords some valuable lessons. With this learning experience as part of the past, America should be able to confront its modern remnants in all of their assorted varieties. Bibliography Coffey, Thomas M. The Long Thirst: Prohibition in America, 1920-1933 New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1975. Krout, J. A. The Origins of Prohibition, New York City: Russell & Russell, 1996. Lee, Henry. How Dry We Were, Enlewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1963. Rorabaugh, W. J. The Alcoholic Republic- An American Tradition, New York Oxford University Press, 1979. Turner, George Kibbe. "The City of Chicago, A Study of Great Immoralities," McClure’s Magazine, April 1927 (vol. 28). Warburton, Clark. "The Results of Prohibition," Auburn Press, 1996.

july 1 :: essays research papers

I began to be able to focus my rage. When I finally got back into football, four weeks into the season, it seemed like I had better control of my body. I was able to unleash devastating blows, and had an unyielding power that never seemed to diminish. The over abundance of energy carried over into the track season as well. I participated in two events discus and shot put. Before every throw I would lock my jaw shut, close my eyes, and relive the entire experience of being metaphorically imprisoned. Immediately my heart would go from beats to what was like larger and larger explosions in my chest, my hands would then begin to shake profusely, and adrenaline would fill my entire body. Then I was ready to throw. Nothing is like the ability to focus you rage into power; it makes you believe you are unstoppable. The accumulation of rage from the past two months fueled this power, and I only wish I could have focused my energy years earlier. This incident was really a blessing in disguise . I just do not understand that in order to receive this blessing I had to suffer through so much pain and aguish. After the physical fight I had another fight to endure, the fight for what is right for myself. This time it was a psychological war, and my mind was the battlefield. With my mind being occupied for war, sanity became a rare commodity. The metal wires in my mouth were prison bars to the mind. The two sides, good and evil, had been locked up, caged like an animals, and forced to clash. Insanity, rage, hatred, evil had swayed victory of the first battle. Soon I detested an entire race, a mere thought of them made the blood in my veins burn with a fiery rage and my mind scream with madness. I became someone I never expected or wanted to be. Attempts to fight these feelings were futile. Logic was smothered by insanity. Trust had vanished from my life and became an unnecessary liability that I could no longer grant to any one. My thoughts were raped this way for weeks. I felt evil wrapping its claws around complete domination. Yet, even at evil’s highest peak it could not eclipse g ood’s light. It became clear to me that it was not their race that I hated, but their comradely.

Kids’ Shoes

Have your children's feet measured when buying shoes, since what might seem comfortable to them for a minute or two in the store is very different from what will be comfortable after a day of playing. Feet should be measured while standing, and always have both feet measured. Since one foot is usually larger than the other, buy shoes to accommodate the larger of the two feet.When your child is wearing the shoes, and their feet are fully extended (watch for toe crunching!), there should be a bit of room between the edge of the shoe toe and the edge of your child's toes – about a half inch.With the rate children outgrow shoes, it's probably tempting to buy shoes that are too big, but you should never buy shoes that are more than one size  too large for your child. Shoes that are too big can cause a child to trip and develop foot problems while trying to walk in shoes that are too large.Obviously a shoe that has too tight of a heel will cause discomfort, but having shoes that a re too loose is also very problematic. The heel of the shoes should rest snugly but not tightly around your the back of the child's heel.As adults, we often say we're â€Å"breaking in† a pair of shoes – this is really a bad idea for anyone, but particularly for kids. Shoes need to be immediately comfortable – don't allow for a breaking in period or expect shoes to get more comfortable over time – they need to fit and feel good now. Children's shoes should have laces, velcro or some other fastening system. As a general rule, avoid backless or slip-on shoes for kids.Look for shoes made from breathable materials, such such as canvas or leather. In addition to being more durable, they will help to keep the child's foot cooler and dryer, helping to prevent blisters, discomfort, and smelly shoes.While they may look cute, always avoid heels on children's shoes. Not only is it difficult for kids to walk in heels, they are particularly bad for proper foot develop ment. When it comes to children's shoes, stick with flats and even soles.Look for a pattern or textured sole, as this will provide traction and help prevent your child from easily slipping on slick surfaces.Soles should be sturdy and thick enough to protect the feet from pain and injury, but the sole also needs to be flexible too so that it will bend with the foot.Once you've found shoes that fit and are appropriately designed for a child's feet, allow your children some input as to which shoes they prefer. It's bound to make for a better shopping experience if they get to choose a color or design they like from shoes that fit well and are appropriate for growing feet.

Modern Times by Charlie Chaplin Essay

Synopsis: A black and white comedy by Charlie Chaplin, Modern Times takes place in America during the Great Depression. It follows Little Tramp (Chaplin) while he struggles to survive as a factory worker in a modern and industrialized world. Though this movie does not take place during the Industrial Revolution, the problems and challenges faced by Americans during the Great Depression are similar to the ones faced by people in the Britain during the early 1900s. As mentioned, this movie is in black and white. It is also a predominantly silent film, and these two factors take this movie outside of most students’ comfort zones. Students tend to moan in disappointment when they learn what they are about to watch. However, the slap-stick, and physical humour wins high school students over and they seem to always enjoy the film. Activity After the Movie: Research Essay – Students are asked to take their knowledge of the Industrial Revolution and write a research paper comparing it to the Great Depression as depicted in Modern Times. Opinion Essay – Chaplin uses this movie to shed a negative light on Capitalism and modernization. Accordingly, students could write an opinion paper agreeing or disagree with Chaplin’s ideas of industrialization. Below are three examples of relevant scenes from the movie that correlate with both essay topics: The opening scene is of people marching to work and then it switches to a shot of a herd of sheep walking the streets. This is to portray Chaplin’s opinion that people are more like sheep in an industrialized society, losing their individuality. One may argue that this was also the case during Industrial Revolution with the switch from the cottage industry to factory work. After this opening scene the audience sees Chaplin in the factory, where he has a repetitive assembly-line job tightening screws together as products run by on a conveyor belt. Next his boss speeds up the machine, and it gets harder and harder for him to keep up. Eventually, this monotonous regime causes him to have a breakdown and lose his job. This scene is a great one to highlight to students because it is a clear example of an assembly line. Also, the fact that it gets harder and harder for Chaplin’s character to keep up, which then leads to a breakdown and consequent unemployment is a commentary on the quality of life that this assembly-line work creates and the risks and danger involved. There are many references to communism, which is an important ideology to know when learning about the Industrial Revolution. After Little Tramp becomes unemployed he ends up on the street where he finds a red flag and begins to wave it. This causes the police to believe that he is a communist and he is put in jail. There are also scenes where Little Tramp is seen dividing and sharing stolen necessities, such as food, with the working class. This may not be a direct connection to Communism, but is pointing out some of the disadvantages of Capitalism.

Cask Of Amontillado Essay

When the tunnels come to a dead end, Mentors chains Fortunate and buries him in the e catacombs. The literary elements of foreshadowing, symbolism, and irony help to create a tale of horror or found in the short story â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† written by Edgar Allan Poe. To build suspense in the story, Poe often employs foreshadowing. For example e, when Fortunate says, â€Å"l shall not die of a cough (Poe 66). Mentors replies, mat rue [.. J† (Poe 66), because he knows that Fortunate will in fact die from dehydration and starve ion in the crypt.He reshow's future events by employing the topic of death into the conversant ion. On the other hand, Mentor's description of his family's coat of arms also symbolizes future eve ants. The shield features a human foot crushing a tenacious serpent. In this image, the foot represents Mentors and the serpent represents Fortunate. Although Fortunate has hurt Mentors with biting inns Its, Mentors will ultimately crush him. The c onversation about Masons also foreshadows Forth anta's demise. Are not of the masons. ‘ ‘Yes, yes,' I said; yes, yes. ‘ ‘You? Impossible! A mason? ‘ ‘A m son,' I replied. A sign,' he said. It is this,' answered, producing a trowel from beneath the folds of my require† (Poe 68). When he declares that he is a â€Å"mason† by showing his trowel, he means t hat he is a literal stonemason and that he constructs things out of stones and mortar, namely F rotunda's grave. Pope's use of symbolism describes each character. â€Å"The man wore motley. He had on a tight fitting predestined dress, and his head was surmounted by the conical cap an d bells. I was so pleased to see him, that thought should never have done wringing his hand† (Poe 63). His face covered in a lack silk mask, Mentors symbolizes hidden things.In this case, the mask sys embolisms Mentor's hidden thoughts to kill Fortunate. On the other hand, Fortunate dons the mot ele ctrode costume of the court fool, who gets literally and tragically fooled by Mentor's masked mot eves. The color schemes here represent the irony of Fortune's death sentence. Using symbolism such h as the setting of the dark and dank catacombs, Poe uses the gloomy environment to symbolize death a ND horrible things to come. We came at length to the foot of the descent, and stood together on the dam p ground of the catacombs f the Mentors† (Poe 66).The bones in the catacomb symbolizes that Forth NATO would soon be one of them. Using irony, Poe further uses literary elements to create a tale Of horror. Using g dramatic irony, Poe reveals the path of death that Fortunate is heading to. Fortunate is head Eng towards death but ironically does not even question the suspicious Mentors until the last mom .NET. â€Å"It must be understood that neither by word nor deed had I given Fortunate cause to duo bat my good will. Continued, as was my wont, to smile in his face, and he did not perceive that my smile now was at the Hough of his immolation† (Poe 63).Fortunate doesn't know what will happen to himself but both the audience and Mentors knows that the story' will end with Fortune's death. Another example Of irony is the situation irony of Fortune's name. â€Å"He had a weak point-?this Of rotunda-?although in other regards he was a man to be respected and even feared. He prided him elf on his connoisseurship in wine† (Poe 63). Fortunate, Italian for â€Å"the fortunate one,† ironically means t he exact opposite in this story, representing situational irony. Instead of the fortunate one, Fortunate comes the unfortunate one, dying from the hands of Mentors.

Mckinsey & Co. Managing Knowledge and Learning

Michelle Abbott Professor Jon Down December 10, 2002 Written Case Analysis McKinsey & Company: Managing Knowledge and Learning Evaluating Gupta’s Four Pronged Plan Rajat Gupta has recently inherited a fast-growing consulting firm with a strong knowledge base and a competitive market position.In order to ensure the future success of McKinsey & Company, however, Gupta faces a number of challenges: he must provide outstanding services to an increasingly sophisticated clientele, offer his employees ongoing education and upwardly mobile career paths, continually enhance McKinsey’s reputation as a leader in the consulting field, and, perhaps most significantly, continue to leverage his company’s knowledge base across divisions while still maintaining the unity and cohesive corporate culture that have always been important to McKinsey.Gupta seems determined to pursue knowledge as the company’s key business driver. Accordingly, his four-pronged plan includes an em phasis on practice development and organizational learning, an annual program called the Practice Olympics, six special initiatives focused on emerging issues, and the expansion of McKinsey’s research institute. But can Gupta successfully tend to all of these initiatives at once without fragmenting the company? And are there critical business areas that he overlooks with this approach? Source: The St. Martin's Handbook, 5th edition, by Andrea A. Lunsford (Bedford/St.Martin's, 2003) 1 Information Sharing & Corporate Unity vs. Cost-Effectiveness Despite its rapid growth, McKinsey & Company is attempting to maintain its â€Å"One Firm† policy in which responsibilities and profits are shared throughout the company rather than solely within offices. Though the company is divided into clientele sectors, centers of competence, and generalists and specialists, the philosophy of unity ensures that knowledge resources are continually distributed across these sectors. Considerabl e effort has been invested in an information infrastucture intended to optimize this sharing of resources.Gupta’s four-pronged plan is designed to further emphasize knowledge sharing in a variety of forums. Gupta should not pursue knowledge sharing without a thorough evaluation of its costs and benefits, however, as well as careful discussion about how knowledge sharing can be implemented most efficiently. While information sharing in an industry such as consulting is of utmost importance, it is an expensive practice. Each time information is documented and shared throughout the company – through whatever medium – costs are incurred, both in labor hours and material resources.There must be a comparable, tangible benefit to sharing information: namely, the knowledge must be usable to the recipient. If the knowledge is not useable to the recipient, sharing it is probably not costeffective. Additionally, Gupta might also reexamine McKinsey’s commitment to un ity in terms of cost-effectiveness. Is it efficient, in other words, to insist on continually sharing knowledge and information resources throughout the firm, or would it be wiser to simply allow some of the fragmentation that is occurring naturally as the company grows and diversifies?As the centers of competence and clientele sectors develop, perhaps some Source: The St. Martin's Handbook, 5th edition, by Andrea A. Lunsford (Bedford/St. Martin's, 2003) 2 would be more efficiently run as autonomous sub-units or even spin-off companies. With good strategy, these sub-units and spin-off companies might even still be able to optimize the parent company’s resources, including McKinsey’s impressive reputation and clientele base. Customer and Other Stakeholder Focus Gupta’s four-pronged plan may also be overlooking customer and market focus.Though benefit to the customer is implicit in his plan for the advancement and sharing of McKinsey’s information resources (i. e. , better knowledge ultimately benefits the client), the customer is not explicitly addressed in the agenda. Gupta’s plan might benefit from a more comprehensive evaluation of customer needs. For example, some clients might value not only cutting-edge information, but affordable rates, information that is sustainable in the long-term, and friendly, helpful, available onsultants who place a premium on customer satisfaction. Indeed, a business that fails, at any stage of strategic planning, to carefully consider customer needs is bound to lose customers in the long run. Similarly, the needs of other stakeholders deserve consideration and inclusion in Gupta’s plan. Those with equity in the company will want to see that Gupta’s emphasis on information sharing enhances the firm’s bottom line. Company employees will want to see that Gupta’s plan opens opportunities for continuing education and career promotion.Indeed, a clear career development an d succession plan will give employees additional incentive to participate in Gupta’s initiatives, such as the Practice Olympics in which employees present innovative ideas that have brought them success to a panel of senior executives. Source: The St. Martin's Handbook, 5th edition, by Andrea A. Lunsford (Bedford/St. Martin's, 2003) 3 Gupta’s Challenge Gupta’s commitment to a corporate atmosphere that values organizational learning is likely to keep McKinsey & Company at the forefront of the consulting industry.In order to guarantee that his four-pronged plan brings success to his company, however, McKinsey must be sure that information sharing is always accompanied by tangible benefits. Where information sharing fails to be useful and therefore costeffective, it should not be required – otherwise, Gupta risks jeopardizing his firm’s positive attitude toward organizational learning. This may necessitate some strategic separation of departments, a d eparture from McKinsey’s â€Å"One Firm† policy.Furthermore, Gupta must ensure that knowledge sharing within the company takes place through a variety of mediums, including traditional face-to-face interactions such as the Practice Olympics and the practice development. Technology should also be used toward this end – group support software systems, for instance, may provide a cost-effective and efficient way to share information across departments. Finally, Gupta should be sure that his approach to moving the organization forward includes a comprehensive evaluation of all the stakeholders’ interests in the firm.Cutting-edge knowledge should not be pursued at all costs. Rather, it should be pursued to the degree that it contributes a net benefit to the company, the company’s employees, and the company’s customers. A greater emphasis on the customer as well as careful analysis of all stakeholders’ interests will be necessary in order f or McKinsey & Company to continue to attract high-potential employees and a profitable clientele. Source: The St. Martin's Handbook, 5th edition, by Andrea A. Lunsford (Bedford/St. Martin's, 2003) 4

Substance Abuse Global Phenomena Health And Social Care Essay

Substance maltreatment is a multi-facetted job that plagues a whole society, irrespective of different age classs and societal categories. The effects and the sum of injury caused to the person, the household and society are diverse. Mauritius, while being a little island of about 1.2 million dwellers merely, far off from the taking powers of the planetary economic system, and niched at the bosom of the Indian Ocean has non been spared from this issue. Harmonizing to the National Drug Control Masterplan 2004-2009, the age of induction to substance maltreatment in Mauritius starts from every bit early as 11 old ages because of equal or media influence. The principle of substance maltreatment is nevertheless non this simple. Sometimes, some people give in to the natural homo behavior which is seeking to happen the easiest flight from rough worlds and nuisances of day-to-day life, and resort to substance maltreatment. Substance maltreatment may hold become an dismaying phenomenon of late, but drugs have been present in Mauritius for a far longer clip. The usage of drugs has been recorded to hold started with every bit early as during the Gallic colonization with illicit rum production by slaves. With the reaching of apprenticed laborers, Indians brought along with their civilization and traditions, hemps, while Chinese immigrants brought opium. These drugs were largely utilised in a socio-cultural circumstance, by grownups without being a cause for serious concern. Sixtiess brought with it the Hippie Culture to Mauritanian shores every bit good as new signifiers of drugs such as LSD, Mandrax and other psychedelic drugs which became synonymous to â€Å" new highs † to childs. The 1970ss caused an wholly different tendency of substance maltreatment, as the state of affairs changed drastically from its socio-cultural to a more significantly worrying usage. A fundamental signifier of diacetylmorphine known as â€Å" Brown Sugar † was introduced in Mauritius. Brown Sugar was smuggled through the airdrome, seaport and through postal packages. The â€Å" Amsterdam Affair † that broke out in 1985 was the ether of the range of the drugs job in Mauritius. As an effort to expose its willingness to go forth no rock unturned in the combat against drug trafficking, statute law was amended and decease punishment was introduced for proven sellers. No drug seller have nevertheless been executed because of the thorny legal issues environing capital penalty. A sudden downward tendency was observed in 1987 and continued until 1990 after which indexs revealed a little addition in illicit trafficking and ingestion. In 2003, the â€Å" White Lady † was a psychoactive drug opted by most drug users. Post 2005, Subutex, which is usually used as intervention on those dependent on narcotic hurting slayers, and opiates, shortly became the most sought-after drug in Mauritius. Substance Abuse and Repercussions Social Consequences Significant societal effects include the decomposition of the household unit, with the emotional and psychological wellbeing of household members being disquieted. Substance maltreatment and delinquency go manus in manus ; as sometimes dependence and backdown syndromes overcome ground and push nuts towards larceny, force and similar such Acts of the Apostless to secure the fiscal agencies to obtain their needed dose. The 2009 World Drug Report shows that figure of drug-related offenses has increased by 18 % from 2006 to 2007. Health Consequences Substance maltreatment affects the personal wellness of drugs nuts themselves. Withdrawal and apathy are a few of the psychological disfunctions they might confront. The impact of dependence can be far making. Cardiovascular disease, shot, malignant neoplastic disease, and lung disease can all be caused by drug maltreatment. Because of needle sharing behavior, a well-established norm among IDUs as has been shown by the IDUs Respondent Driven Sampling, which is explained by the increased costs and low fiscal agencies of IDUs every bit good as Police Services uninterrupted still hunt of IDUs in ownership of drug gears, blood borne diseases such as AIDS or Hepatitis are easy transmitted, reverberations of which is ruinous both for the IDU and society at big. IDUs who get affected by such blood borne diseases will frequently through a Domino consequence, affect their sexual spouses, while pregnant adult females who are IDUs run the hazard of polluting their unborn kids with such. Injecting drug usage is the cause for an increasing proportion of HIV infections in many parts of the universe, Mauritius included. It is estimated that between 11 and 21 million people worldwide inject drugs, and of those, between 0.8 and 6.6 million are infected with HIV. Fiscal Impacts Health services that have to be provided to drug nuts include intervention of diseases which may develop in drug nuts as a effect of substance maltreatment, every bit good as costs of rehabilitation services, which is frequently overlooked by most individuals. The cost of non-generic antiretroviral intervention per individual per annum may amount up to $ 1500, averaging to about Rs 50, 000 based on current exchange rates. Fiscal effects on the economic system are sedate, with the parallel running of a black economic system with net incomes obtained from the illicit traffic, every bit good as with the effects of drugs abuse of members of the work force which reduces productiveness. Conventional Approaches to Substance maltreatment Mauritius has ratified the United Nations Drug Control Conventions. It has besides ratified the 2000 Convention on Trans-National Organized Crime and is besides signer of both the African Union and the SADC Drug Control Protocol. Existing legal models that were used, and still are used to command drugs supply and demand decrease are: a ) The Dangerous Drug Act 2000 B ) The Pharmacy Act 1983 degree Celsius ) The Financial Intelligence and Anti Money Laundering Act 2002 Drugs Demand Reduction Drugs demand decrease is one of the attack used to battle the substance maltreatment crisis at its nucleus. Drug demand decrease refers to policies and programmes directed towards cut downing the consumer demand for narcotic drug and psychotropic substances as covered by the three chief International Drug Control Conventions, as mentioned above. The National Agency for Treatment and Rehabilitation of Substance Abusers ( NATReSA ) is a parastatal organic structure under the auspices of the Ministry of Social Security, National Solidarity and Reform Institutions which was set up by an Act of Parliament in 1996 and it is responsible for all demand decrease activities in the state. By carry oning a figure of bar activities in the community, schools and the workplace, NATReSA uses instruction as its chief vehicular arm to seek to decrease the demand for drugs. It provides support to a figure of NGOs engaged in bar, intervention and rehabilitation work. The National Prevention Unit set up by the NATReSa in 2002 has set up a Demand Reduction Integrated Program, from which more than 25 parts have already benefitted boulder clay day of the month. Supply Side Reduction As to provide side decrease, the jurisprudence enforcement side is actively involved and a figure of establishments runing under the auspices of different ministries are responsible for drug control activities. The Anti Drug Smuggling Unit ( ADSU ) , the National Coast Guard and the Special Mobile Force are particular units of the Mauritius Police Force, working under the bid of the Commissioner of Police involved in drug control. The Passport and Immigration Office besides operates under the supervising of the Commissioner of Police and has a function in the showing of riders at the haven and airdrome while Custom Investigation and Intelligence Unit plays a notable function in the checking of containers and other baggage come ining the state. The Pharmacy Section of the Ministry of Health and Quality of Life ( MOH & A ; QL ) is responsible for the issue of licences for the import of licit narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. Finally, Mauritius Post Services work in close cooperation with the above units to exert near control to vouch that drugs do non come in the state through letters and postal bundles and the Forest Department aids through its field work in woods, mountains and province lands, and is instrumental in observing cannabis cultivation. Harmonizing to the 2010 World Drug Report, Mauritius is the state with the highest opiates ingestion prevalence in the African continent with an estimation of 1.9 % . This demonstrates clearly that conventional attacks to the Mauritanian drug job have non met outlooks in footings of efficiency in undertaking it. Alternatively, new factors borne due to a quickly altering society contributed to the rendering them inefficient – opening up of air spaces which while increasing benefits from the touristry and travel industry has besides increased the hazards of drugs being brought into the state by aliens, enlargement of the offshore sector through which big amounts of money theodolites through Mauritius, beginnings of which remain confidential to the offshore companies and the unfastened secret being that sometimes, portion of these monies go into the black economic system, financing drug minutess and poorness and harlotry which are cardinal conducive factors every bit good to the enlargement of the Mauritanian drug market among others. The escalation of drug usage became a cause for concern as the chief vehicle for substance maltreatment being through injection, this implied a heightened hazard of transmittal of blood borne diseases among the IDU population and hence a greater figure of HIV positive and hepatitis instances amongst others. An wholly new attack was therefore adopted to counter this contingency, known as the injury decrease attack. The injury decrease which consists of needle exchange plans every bit good as dolophine hydrochloride permutation therapy implied a wholly different position, the nucleus rule being acknowledging the being of a substance maltreatment issue in a community, which frequently is pig-headedly resisted by governments, therefore exposing the immense trouble in the execution of this method. Over the old ages, legion observations have been made by journalists and Non-Governmental Organisations ( NGOs ) representatives on the structural alterations of the drug state of affairs in Mauritius, the distressing dimensions of the issue of substance maltreatment and its dealingss with transmittal of blood borne diseases. Harm decrease nevertheless, being a comparatively new construct in Mauritius dating merely back to 2006, remains a instead undiscovered way. Hence, the intent of this thesis would be to convey focal point on Needle Exchange Programs ( NEPs ) as they are carried out in the Mauritanian context. While running through a general overview of the injury decrease attack, the principle behind it will be examined along with execution timeline of NEP in Mauritius. Policy facets will be reviewed and an analysis of the legal background of NEPs in Mauritius will be presented, which will dwell of a survey salient characteristics of the bing Torahs and NEPs and finally the NEP particular model which is the HIV/AIDS Act 06. NEP in prisons, being a delicate and problematic issue, will be considered and the chance of such in Mauritanian prisons discussed. The thesis will be concluded by measuring the Mauritanian NEP, and suggesting recommendations of possible ways to pitch more towards efficiency and best pattern with respects to Mauritian Torahs and needle exchange. Preliminary Chapter: Understanding Harm Decrease The Basic Concept Harm decrease refers to policies, programmes and patterns utilized and applied with the aim of decreasing hazards associated with the usage of drugs by substance maltreaters. Subdivided into needle exchange plans and dolophine hydrochloride permutation therapies, injury decrease is viewed as a far-reaching advanced attack to the job of substance maltreatment and its related hazards. The outstanding characteristic of this fresh method is the extremist displacement in focal point to the bar of injury caused by substance maltreatment, instead than on the bar of drug usage itself. This entails recognizing the being of a substance maltreatment job in society which in bend indicates the inability or sometimes even failure of concerned governments in undertaking the drug job. This attack was frequently discussed in Mauritius after acknowledgment of the menace of HIV every bit good as other blood borne diseases which were distributing through shooting drug usage. Stakeholders including the National AIDS Secretariat agreed that injury decrease does non sabotage but alternatively complements attacks seeking to forestall or diminish drug ingestion. It is based on the acknowledgment that many people throughout the universe continue to utilize drugs despite the best of attempts to forestall drug usage and is of a non-judgmental and non-punitive attitude towards the ingestion of intoxicant and drugs. The Implementation of Harm Reduction In Mauritius Harm decrease is implemented in Mauritius through the vehicular plans of Methadone Substitution Therapy ( MST ) and Needle Exchange Programs ( NEPs ) . MST normally works by cut downing cravings and barricading ‘highs ‘ from diacetylmorphine. It does non supply the same euphoric haste the drug user under MST will no longer see utmost highs and depressions that consequences from the degree of diacetylmorphine in the blood. MST around Mauritius is controlled and supervised by the National Detoxification Centre For MST found at Cite Barkly in Beau Bassin. MST plans carried out may be either residential lasting for 15 yearss merely or day-care. Drug users are induced on dolophine hydrochloride under medical supervising and doses are accordingly adjusted. There are 16 methadone distributing points around the island from which drug users, after holding gone through initial initiation receive their day-to-day doses of dolophine hydrochloride. Needle exchange plans forms portion of the injury decrease scheme and is funded by the State and partly by international administrations such as the Global Fund. Mauritius has pioneered government-run needle exchange plans throughout the African Continent as both NGOs and the Mauritanian Government through MOH & A ; QL both carry out NEPs. The plan offers a comprehensive bundle of services which include exchange of used acerate leafs, HIV guidance and testing, proviso of rubbers and intoxicant swabs and referrals for rehabilitation services ( where requested ) every bit good as other HIV-related services. Rationale Behind Harm Reduction Harm Reduction and Human Rights The injury decrease attack to drugs is based on a strong pledge to public wellness and human rights. Harm decrease intercessions have found support among legion United Nations ( UN ) homo rights mechanisms, specifically in context of HIV bar and the right to achieve the highest accomplishable criterion of wellness. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights ( ICESCR ) And Harm Reduction. The Committee on the Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights ( CESCR ) has recommended many times that States Parties scale up their injury decrease programmes in order to run into their duties under Article 12 of the ICESCR. In its Concluding Observations on Ukraine ( 2007 ) , the Committee stated that it was ‘gravely concerned at ‘the limited entree by drug users to substitution therapy, ‘ and recommended that the province party ‘make drug permutation therapy and other HIV bar services more accessible for drug users ‘ . Article 15 of the ICESCR provides for everyone to ‘benefit from scientific realizations and its applications. ‘ Considered against the background of injection driven HIV, this implies the right for any individual to profit from plans backed by solid grounds, therefore harm decrease plans, demoing that they can most expeditiously contain and treat HIV/AIDS and such drug related likely diseases. In 2009, the UN Human Rights Council adopted a declaration on human rights and HIV/AIDS that unambiguously provided support to harm decrease plans, including needle exchange. Research Based Rationale Despite the continued attempts of concerned governments, some of which being holding rather a considerable bearing on the state ‘s budget every bit good, substance maltreatment still remains one major cause for concern in Mauritius, it holding the 2nd highest per capita rate of opiate usage in the universe after Iran. Manners of transmittal of HIV and blood borne infections steadily shifted from heterosexual activities to shooting drug usage as from the twelvemonth 2002 to 2005, with an exponential rise in the figure of detected instances to make a extremum of 921 instances in 2005. 92 % of all new HIV infections in Mauritius by 2005 were shooting drug users. While this alteration was most probably a consequence of increased HIV proving among IDUs in assorted establishments including the prisons, and did non needfully stand for a brusk addition of new HIV infections, the figures were sufficient to measure up the epidemic as a concentrated one and were a clear warning of a latent job among the IDUs population. A speedy and efficient action in response to the quickly intensifying increasing transmittal of HIV was therefore required, accordingly climaxing into kicking off of injury decrease activities in 2006. The consequences obtained from the recent Injecting Drug User HIV Surveillance Survey, in Mauritius is no beginning of comfort: – among the HIV positive detected instances as at December 2009, 73 % consisted of members of the IDU population. HIV prevalence is 47.4 % and Hepatitis C ( HVC ) prevalence is 97.3 % . The usage of non-sterile acerate leafs and shooting drug equipment which is an highly efficient manner of HIV and blood borne diseases transmittal remains a cardinal factor declining the HIV epidemic among IDUs around the Earth and in Mauritius, while 61.2 % of IDUs reported shooting two to three times a twenty-four hours, 29.3 % among them reported shooting with a antecedently used acerate leaf in the past month. Prior to the induction of syringe exchange plans in 2006, needle and syringe sharing in the old three months was reported by 80 % of IDUs. However, in the last three months of the twelvemonth 2009, 30 % merely of IDUs reported sharing a needle or syringe at last injection and less than half reported occasional sharing of injection equipment or pulling up drug solution from a common container shared by many, research-based groundss stressing wholly along on the demand for continuance of harm decrease activities in Mauritius.