Battle of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812

The Battle of Fort McHenry was fought September 13/14, 1814, during the War of 1812 (1812-1815). Part of the larger Battle of Baltimore, the Battle of Fort McHenry saw the forts garrison defeat a British fleet that had been advancing on the city. As the British had recently captured and burned Washington, DC, the victory proved critical in halting their advance in the Chesapeake. Coupled with successes elsewhere, the victory strengthened the hand of American negotiators at the Ghent peace talks. Francis Scott Key saw the fighting from a British ship where he was held prisoner and was inspired to write the Star-Spangled Banner based on what he had witnessed. Into the Chesapeake Having defeated Napoleon in early 1814 and removed the French emperor from power, the British were able to turn their full attention to the war with the United States. A secondary conflict while the wars with France were ongoing, they now commenced sending additional troops west in an effort to achieve a swift victory. While Lieutenant General Sir George Prevost, the governor-general of Canada and commander of British forces in North America, commenced a series of campaigns from the north, he ordered Vice Admiral Alexander Cochrane, the commander of the Royal Navys ships on the North American Station, to make attacks against the American coast. Though Cochranes second-in-command, Rear Admiral George Cockburn, had been raiding up and down the Chesapeake Bay for some time, additional forces were en route. Arriving in August, Cochranes reinforcements included a force of around 5,000 men commanded by Major General Robert Ross. Many of these soldiers were veterans of the Napoleonic Wars and had served under the Duke of Wellington. On August 15, the transports carrying Ross command entered the Chesapeake and sailed up the bay to join with Cochrane and Cockburn. Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane. Public Domain Reviewing their options, the three men elected to mount an attack on Washington DC. The combined fleet then moved up the bay and quickly trapped Commodore Joshua Barneys gunboat flotilla in the Patuxent River. Pushing up the river, they destroyed Barneys force and put Rosss 3,400 men and 700 marines ashore on August 19. In Washington, President James Madisons administration worked fruitlessly to deal with the threat. Not thinking that the capital would be a target, little work had been done in regard to constructing defenses. Overseeing the troops around Washington was Brigadier General William Winder, a political appointee from Baltimore who had been captured at the Battle of Stoney Creek in June 1813. Since the majority of the US Armys regulars were occupied on the Canadian frontier, Winder s force was largely made up of militia. Burning Washington Marching from Benedict to Upper Marlborough, the British decided to approach Washington from the northeast and cross the East Branch of the Potomac at Bladensburg. On August 24, Ross engaged an American force under Winder at the Battle of Bladensburg. Achieving a decisive victory, later dubbed the Bladensburg Races due to the nature of the American retreat, his men occupied Washington that evening. Taking possession of the city, they burned the Capitol, Presidents House, and Treasury Building before encamping. Additional destruction ensued the next day before they departed to rejoin the fleet.  Following their successful campaign against Washington DC, Cochrane and Ross advanced up the Chesapeake Bay to attack Baltimore, MD. British forces burning Washington, DC, 1814. Public Domain A vital port city, Baltimore was believed by the British to be the base of many of the American privateers that were preying on their shipping. To take the city, Ross and Cochrane planned a two-prong attack with the former landing at North Point and advancing overland, while the latter attacked Fort McHenry and the harbor defenses by water. Fighting at North Point On September 12, 1814, Ross landed with 4,500 men on the tip of North Point and began advancing northwest towards Baltimore. His men soon encountered American forces under Brigadier General John Stricker. Dispatched by Major General Samuel Smith, Stricker was under orders to delay the British while the fortifications around the city were completed. In the resulting Battle of North Point, Ross was killed and his command took heavy losses. With Ross death, command devolved to Colonel Arthur Brooke who elected to remain on the field through a rainy night while Strickers men withdraw back to the city. Battle of North Point. Photograph Courtesy of the US Army Fast Facts: Battle of Fort McHenry Conflict: War of 1812 (1812-1815)Dates: September 13/14, 1814Armies Commanders:United StatesMajor General Samuel SmithMajor George Armistead1,000 men (at Fort McHenry), 20 gunsBritishVice Admiral Sir Alexander CochraneColonel Arthur Brooke19 ships5,000 menCasualties:United States: 4 killed and 24 woundedGreat Britain: 330 killed, wounded, and captured The American Defenses While Brookes men suffered in the rain, Cochrane began moving his fleet up the Patapsco River toward the citys harbor defenses. These were anchored on the star-shaped Fort McHenry. Situated on Locust Point, the fort guarded the approaches to the Northwest Branch of the Patapsco which led to the city as well as the Middle Branch of the river. Fort McHenry was supported across the Northwest Branch by a battery at Lazaretto and by Forts Covington and Babcock to the west on the Middle Branch. At Fort McHenry, the garrison commander, Major George Armistead possessed a composite force of around 1,000 men. Bombs Bursting in Air Early on September 13, Brooke began advancing towards the city along the Philadelphia Road. In the Patapsco, Cochrane was hampered by shallow waters which precluded sending forward his heaviest ships. As a result, his attack force consisted of five bomb ketches, 10 smaller warships, and the rocket vessel HMS Erebus. By 6:30 AM they were in position and opened fire on Fort McHenry. Remaining out of range of Armisteads guns, the British ships struck the fort with heavy mortar shells (bombs) and Congreve rockets from Erebus. Advancing ashore, Brooke, who believed they had defeated citys defenders the day before, was stunned when his men found 12,000 Americans behind substantial earthworks east of the city. Under orders not to attack unless with a high chance of success, he began probing Smiths lines but was unable to find a weakness. As a result, he was forced to hold his position and await the outcome of Cochranes assault on the harbor. Early in the afternoon, Rear Admiral George Cockburn, thinking the fort had been badly damaged, moved the bombardment force closer increase the effectiveness of their fire. Defense of Fort McHenry, 1814. Public Domain As the ships closed, they came under intense fire from Armisteads guns and were compelled to draw back to their original positions. In effort to break the stalemate, the British attempted to move around the fort after dark. Embarking 1,200 men in small boats, they rowed up the Middle Branch. Mistakenly thinking they were safe, this assault force fired signal rockets which gave away their position. As a result, they quickly came under an intense crossfire from Forts Covington and Babcock. Taking heavy losses, the British withdrew. The Flag Was Still There By dawn, with the rain subsiding, the British had fired between 1,500 and 1,800 rounds at the fort with little impact. The greatest moment of danger had come when a shell struck the forts unprotected magazine but had failed to explode. Realizing the potential for disaster, Armistead had the forts gunpowder supply distributed to safer locations. As the sun began to rise, he ordered the forts small storm flag lowered and replaced with the standard garrison flag measuring 42 feet by 30 feet. Sewn by local seamstress Mary Pickersgill, the flag was clearly visible to all of the ships in the river. The sight of the flag and the ineffectiveness of the 25-hour bombardment convinced Cochrane that the harbor could not be breached. Ashore, Brooke, with no support from the navy, decided against a costly attempt on the American lines and began retreating towards North Point where his troops re-embarked. Aftermath The attack on Fort McHenry cost Armisteads garrison 4 killed and 24 wounded. British losses were around 330 killed, wounded, and captured, most of which occurred during the ill-fated attempt to move up the Middle Branch. The successful defense of Baltimore coupled with victory at the Battle of Plattsburgh aided in restoring American pride after the burning of Washington DC and bolstered the nations bargaining position at the Ghent peace talks. Francis Scott Key, circa 1825. Public Domain - Walters Art Museum The battle is best remembered for inspiring Francis Scott Key to write The Star-Spangled Banner. Detained aboard the ship Minden, Key had gone to meet with the British to secure the release of Dr. William Beanes who had been arrested during the attack on Washington. Having overhead the British attack plans, Key was forced to remain with the fleet for the duration of the battle. Moved to write during the forts heroic defense, he composed the words to an old drinking song entitled To Anacreon in Heaven. Initially published after the battle as the Defense of Fort McHenry, it eventually became known as the Star-Spangled Banner and was made the National Anthem of the United States.

Whats Marital Labor and as a Business Owner How Will it Affect my Divorce - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 531 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Divorce Essay Did you like this example? Like the residents of Florida, all Florida divorces are distinctive and individual in their own way. When contemplating divorce, sometimes it is informative to find divorces that somewhat mirror your situation so that you can allow the rulings within that case to guide your own preparation. Your Orlando Divorce Attorney will guide you through previous case law, as well as rules and regulations in Florida, when crafting your divorce settlement agreement. One such monumental, and very individual case is the case of Bair v, Bair. This case reached the Second District Court of Appeals, and the rulings can now be utilized by spouses in similar situations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Whats Marital Labor and as a Business Owner: How Will it Affect my Divorce" essay for you Create order This specific case involved a business owner who had partial ownership of the business and also worked there full time. His employment ran the length of his marriage. Because he also held nonmarital assets in the company, this became somewhat complicated. Discussions on this case give Orlando Divorce Attorneys more information on business valuation and asset division. Understanding the Dispute The Background Before fully understanding the ruling, you need to be familiar with the background of the case. In 2012, Mr. Bair filed for divorce. Through their attorneys, the partners agreed on child custody and the division of the majority of the marital assets, including the home. The disagreement came when discussion moved to Mr. Bair’s business. Mr. Bair is part owner of a Florida Boat Dealership which was started by his father during his youth. It is still a family owned business, with all of the siblings owning shares. At the passing of his father, Mr. Bair inherited a larger portion of the company. He also worked at the business full time. The court was quick to agree that the business itself was ‘non-marital property’ and both parties agreed. The argument arose that because he had labored at the business throughout the marriage, any subsequent increase in business value resulting from his labor should be considered a marital asset. In 2017, the appeals court agreed- ruling that labor does qualify as a marital asset. The case was then returned to court to determine the correct amounts of the equitable distribution based on the new ruling. Equitable Distribution Florida Law mandates division of assets in an ‘equitable’ but not always equal manner. When calculating this division, the court looks at the following three areas: What assets qualify for equitable distribution due to being marital assets? What is the value of each asset to be distributed? What will be a fair distribution of the assets held within your marriage? There are some cases where this distribution is simple. If a couple has a joint bank account that contains $20,000 and the court has recommended equal distribution- then each spouse will receive $10,000 from that asset. Other assets, such as a family home, may not be as easy to distribute. Contact an Orlando DIvorce Attorney Financial considerations are some of the hardest parts of a divorce to understand. Using prior case law can help to guide you to an appropriate ruling that could be beneficial to your case. Discuss your case with your Orlando Divorce Attorney so they can help you to understand how these prior cases can benefit you.

Conjugate the French Verb Maquiller (to Make up)

How A Cartel Is A Competitive Market - 1719 Words

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How Education Has Changed Our Life - 1685 Words

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Sustainable Approach to Management

Question: You are to demonstrate your understanding and application of a sustainable approach to business management, including strategic planning, the value chain and CSR? Answer: Introduction Sustainable approach to business which is often referred to as Corporate sustainability is defined as an approach for creating a long term consumer as well as employee value through creation of green strategy which is aimed towards natural environment and considering each and every dimension related to the ways in which business operates in the social, cultural and economic environment. These strategies formulate the approach for the company to foster its longevity by way of transparency as well as proper employee development. The sustainable approaches towards business management has been termed as an evolution over the traditional phrases which describes the ethical corporate practices (Cran Field 2009). Phrases like CSR or Corporate Social Responsibility is continuously been used but has been superseded by a broader term of corporate sustainability. The two important principles on which sustainable approaches for the business has been based upon are. 1. It is a critical aspect for creating a long-term shareholder value in the increasingly resource constrained global environment. 2. These factors are associated with opportunities as well as risks which are very important for companies to address in the coming times. The megatrends pertaining to sustainability is changing the way in which business is being done and it is something which is having a measurable impact over the entire business structures. The long term challenges concerning the companies is in regards with the resource scarcity, demographic shifts as well as the climatic changes which are redefining several elements. These include the expectations of citizens, public policies, regulatory frameworks and largely the environment in which the business operates. To the positive side, these challenges are creating newer opportunities and creating newer risks which needs to be addressed in order to remain competitive in the coming decades. It is believed that the companies which are quick to anticipate and hence manage the current as well as future economic, environmental, as well as social opportunities are more likely emerge winners with competitive advantage over its competitors (Leuphana 2002). Thus the quality of companys strategy and management along with its performance in dealing with opportunities as well as risks derived our of economic, environmental as well as social developments could be quantified and hence used for identifying as well as selecting the leading companies for investment purposes. Sustainability approach and strategic planning Sustainability approach to business becomes strategic when it gets integrated with the fabric of organizational planning as well as the management process. The two areas where sustainability needs to be highlighted is organizational high level strategic themes and the strategic objectives which are strategic building blocks of the strategy. The strategic theme is referred to as the pillar of strategy which directly supports the achievements of mission and vision of any organization. A good strategic theme is not only a particular objective but is a linked set of objectives which touch each areas of the management. The entire set of linked objectives tell a story of the strategy and forms the basis of communicating the entire story to everyone in a consistent manner (UNEP n.d.). Most of the organizations today have a set of common strategic themes or focus areas which comprise of: Operational Excellence Product Innovation Strategic Partnering Sustainability is also a part of the entire theme which comes with 4 perspectives towards strategic planning: 1. As a part of financial standpoint, sustainability refers to being in the business and creating a good return for the investors 2. For customers and stakeholders, sustainability refers to the goal of satisfying as well as providing value for the increasing number of safety and the sustainability conscious customers. 3. As far as the process is concerned, sustainability refers to management of materials, energy, and waste in the best eco-efficient manner possible (CEDC 2013). 4. Lastly, for organizational capacity, sustainability is referred to as creation of culture which values sustainability and is reflected over the choices employees have to make each day. The second pillar i.e. Strategic Objectives are referred to as the building blocks of strategic themes which help in making strategy actionable for the employees. These objectives are expressed in a continuous set of improvement activities which are unique to each and every perspective as well as the strategic attitudes. All the strategic objectives are linked in a collective manner for forming a strategy map which shows how the objectives work together in an integrated manner, and cause as well as effect the fashion for achieving best strategic results related to the strategic themes (NBS n.d.). Sustainability and relation to the corporate culture Creation of strong focus on sustainability with corporate culture is believed to align the employees within an organization for developing eco-efficient products. It also facilitates making more partners with regulators and reducing the life cycle impact of the operations. Further, organizations are aided to build newer information technologies which help in tracking life cycle impacts in a far more effective manner. If companies are able to produce eco-efficient products, they would be able to provide value to increase the number of green customers in their markets which eventually would lead to increase in sales. This capability of partnering would enable the organizations to communicate in a proactive manner with the regulatory community and thus allow them to be an active player instead of responding in a reactive manner to directives. It would hence reduce the risks associated with the business to a considerable level (IISD n.d.). Additionally, ecologically safe products are expected to reduce the potential product liability risk which would have a positive impact over the cost of capital for any company. Hence, a reduced life cycle would mean that there is a substantial cost savings in terms of fuel, water, electricity and the waste disposal. Therefore, when the aspect of sustainability gets integrated in the corporate culture a firm would be able to increase its revenues, reduce the risks and further reduce the costs which eventually would lead towards profitability. Moreover, a company which is more conscious and shows efforts of creating as sustainable environment is more likely to attract its employees and meet their desired expectations. It helps in reduction of employee turnover and hence the costs involved in recruitment selection and training and development for the organization. Sustainability and its contribution to value chain of an organization Value Chain Sustainability is simply defined as environmental, social as well as economic impacts which encourages good governance practices in the entire life cycle of goods and services. The primary objective of creating this approach is to protect and grow a long term environmental, social and economic value for the stakeholders who are involved to bring products as well as services in the market. Today organizations are less known to undertake sustainability measures as a cost center. MNCs across the world are more inclined to take actions for improving the social as well as environmental impacts by their value chain (Air CCSE n.d.). It is expected that immense business value could be added as well as shared by comprehensive and integrated approaches for sustainable value chain. Some of the very important reasons which is usually common across organizations are: 1. Cost efficiencies: To work with suppliers and contractors both up and downstream for improving efficiencies in resource consumption. Further it requires them to drive out process inefficiencies which are a result to cost savings and helps to improve performance of the operations of the business. 2. Opening to new markets: The result of cost efficiencies offers the opportunity for growing to both the company and its suppliers. 3. Managing Risks: With creation of a clean and green value chain, regulatory, operational and reputational risks are easier to manage. 4. Sustainable Brand Equity: Both demands as well as expectations of external stakeholders including the regulators, investors, customers as well as civil societies has increased as they are expecting a much more responsible conduct and transparency from the organizations. Any kind of questionable act from the organizations in any of their life cycles could adversely impact the growth in sales, legal tangles and primarily the image of the organization (BSR 2013). Keeping in mind the above reasons, organizations need to develop and evolve in the direction to creating a better environment, better products and services. A socially conscious organization is more prone to get attracted by customers if it shows the amount of care they have for the societies, environment and needs. Sustainable Approach to Management and Corporate Social Responsibility At most of the bigger organizations, CSR forms an integral element for their reputation and a means to show their concerns towards the societies they cater to. However, for micro and small organizations, it is emerging as a key element of success where Corporate Social Responsibility is referred to as a pillar to Corporate Sustainability. It is believed that CSR as a social strand in tri-dimensional model of Corporate Sustainability. As put forward by Ebner and Baumgartner (2006), they recommend Sustainable Development at macro level while at micro level Corporate Sustainability encompasses the economic, ecological and social pillars. As per their research, CSR was modelled as a social pillar to Corporate Sustainability. Another research by Sharma and Rudd (2003) has pointed out that academicians who are studying Corporate Sustainability usually focus on environmental issues while the ones who study CSR focus on social and ethical issues. However, their theory argues around the point that Corporate Sustainability is a broader concept and the social aspects are incorporate within it. This reflects that it encompasses CSR as the social dimension of sustainable framework (SHRM n.d.). There is a division of study which has also presented some contrary arguments which has resulted in confusion at different levels. For instance, Gallego (2006) had explained CSR to be a tool for measuring Sustainable Development with respect to economic, social and environmental aspects. He had added that Corporate Sustainability gets measured by reporting of these aspects. However, on most occasions Sustainability has been used as a synonym for other concepts like Sustainable Developments and Corporate Social Responsibility (Upenn 2011). We can consider Sustainable approach to business management as a redefined version of Corporate Sustainability. However, as discussed above, there are certain differences among the two concepts. But in present environments where the business has gone dynamic to get the competitive edge, it seems evident that sustainable approach to management needs to be integrated with Corporate Social Responsibility. We could conclude and say that although, CSR an d sustainable approach to business management have been coined based on different philosophies at the early stages, they come with their own set of common issues. Both of them cover the social, economic and the environmental divisions (Harshakumari Sarvaiya Minyu Wu 2014). Conclusion After understanding the importance of sustainable approach to business management and its links with key dimensions of the growing processes and activities within the organization it is clear that corporate sustainability would be an integral part of company policies and strategies in the coming years. The relevance is pretty similar in the environment where business are growing more global than ever before. SMEs, micro sector companies or MNCs, each of them are preparing a separate set of policies to adhere by the increasing demands of sustainable operations within the business. A key stress has been laid upon implementing such strategies which are not against the sustainability dimension. The reason for such change in planning and importance is due to the fact that global customers have become more aware and competition has increased drastically. In order to survive each and every company has to ensure that it does not do any damage to the basic elements of the society, environment and the sentiments of its customers. References Cran Field 2009, Measuring Business Valueand Sustainability Performance, accessed on 22nd January 2015, Leuphana 2002, Concepts and Instruments for Sustainable Organisation Development, accessed on 22nd January 2015, UNEP A Life Cycle Approach: How Business uses it, accessed on 22nd January 2015, CEDC 2013, Advantages and disadvantages of the strategic management in the current economic context, accessed on 22nd January 2015, NBS, Embedding Sustainability in organizational Culture, accessed on 22nd January 2015, IISD, Business strategies for sustainable development, accessed on 22nd January 2015, Air CCSE, Supply Chain Sustainability, accessed on 22nd January 2015, BSR 2013, Achieving Sustainable Development through Value Chain, accessed on 22nd January 2015, SHRM, HRMs Role in Corporate Social and Environmental Sustainability, accessed on 22nd January 2015, Upenn 2011, Defining Corporate Social Responsibility: A Systems Approach For Socially Responsible Capitalism, accessed on 22nd January 2015, Harshakumari Sarvaiya Minyu Wu (2014), An integrated Approach for Corporate Social responsibility and Corporate Sustainability, Asian Social Science; Vol. 10, No. 17; 2014

IT free essay sample

The definition used here is much broader. It encompasses any career In which the worker is awarded a degree of autonomy In return for services to the public that are performed at a high level. According to this definition, it is within the power if the individual worker to behave like a professional should she or he chooses to do so. The phrases services to the public and performed at a high level are similar to the characteristics of a profession identified by Bayle.The definitions do not, however, fully agree; the definition used by the Good Works Project would include a umber of occupations that lack Baileys necessary attributes. Reflection Questions: 1 . Would an occupation that had Baileys three required attributes plus the three additional attributes Bayle considers common to most professions necessarily be a profession according to the definition used by the Good Works Project? Explain. 2. Is the weather person on the local television station a professional according to either Bayle of the Good Works Projects? Explain. We will write a custom essay sample on IT or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A Moral Basis for Professions 1 OFF nail down the particular attributes of a profession. Instead, he defines profession in terms of moral issues (3); A profession is a number of individuals in the same occupation voluntary organized to earn a living by openly serving a certain moral ideal in a morally permissible way beyond what law, market, and morality would otherwise require. This definition requires a little explanation. First of all, recall that morally permissible, defined in the previous chapter, refers to something that is either explicitly moral or morally neutral. Now lets consider the term moral ideal. According to Davis: A moral ideal is a state of affairs that, though nor morally required, everyone (that is, very rational person at his/her rational best) wants everyone else to approach, all else being equal. Moreover, everyone wants that so much that they are willing to reward, assist, or at least praise such conduct if that is the price for others to do the same. Conversely, anyone violating the moral ideal is disproved of, criticized and discouraged from such behavior. It must be morally permissible, but not necessarily morally required.Now lets consider some points worth nothing about Davits definitions. First, a profession is necessarily linked with a code of ethics: It is impossible to satisfy the definition of profession without (something like) a code of ethics, impossible to teach professionalism without teaching the code (at least implicitly), and indeed impossible to understand professions without understanding them as bound by su ch a code. Without a code of ethics, there are only (more or less) honest occupations, trade associations and the like. There are no professions.Another aspect of Davits definition is less obvious and does not appear in any of he previous definitions: a professional puts profession first. That is, when a conflict arises between the professionals code and the policy of an employer or perhaps even the law, the professionals code must take precedence. That is why a Journalist feels she must choose to go to Jail rather than reveal the identity of a source, or why a doctor in a country that does not recognize doctor-patient privilege may do the same if confronted with a choice of violating doctor-patient privilege or going to prison.Finally, notice that Davits definition does not require the code of ethics to enforced by the group or by some authority. In the case of law and medicine, the rules (or at least some of the rules) are enforced by the law as well as by professional code, the code has no true value. However, having people declare their intention to follow a code having them promise, in effect is a well known mechanism for affecting their behavior.Wedding vows, the Hippocratic Oath and the oath of office taken by certain government officials are all meaningful, even though the actual conditions included in the declarations are not directly enforced. If you and I sit own to a game of checkers, there is no external authority to appeal to for a rule judgment, yet the rules of the game are important. Similarly, a code of ethics, if accepted by all the members of a profession, can be important independent of am enforcement mechanism.The occupations associated with computing that we often call profession are not, with the possible exception of software engineering, professions under Davits definition. They do qualify as professions in the sense put forward by Fisherman and her colleagues, but a profession in their model need not follow any specified code or ethical conduct as would be required by Davis. This may change as time goes on. Furthermore, it leaves open the following question: should the computing professions be changed to fall in line with Davits definition? . When students enter a university or colleges, they are commonly presented with the universitys requirements for student conduct. Suppose a student argues that (1) the university requirements define a code of conduct for students, (2) the requirements and hence the code is morally permissible, (3) students enter the university voluntarily and (4) the students are there in order to become qualified for a job, therefore the code is, by Davits definition, a professional code of ethics and being a university student is a profession.