Sustainable Approach to Management

Question: You are to demonstrate your understanding and application of a sustainable approach to business management, including strategic planning, the value chain and CSR? Answer: Introduction Sustainable approach to business which is often referred to as Corporate sustainability is defined as an approach for creating a long term consumer as well as employee value through creation of green strategy which is aimed towards natural environment and considering each and every dimension related to the ways in which business operates in the social, cultural and economic environment. These strategies formulate the approach for the company to foster its longevity by way of transparency as well as proper employee development. The sustainable approaches towards business management has been termed as an evolution over the traditional phrases which describes the ethical corporate practices (Cran Field 2009). Phrases like CSR or Corporate Social Responsibility is continuously been used but has been superseded by a broader term of corporate sustainability. The two important principles on which sustainable approaches for the business has been based upon are. 1. It is a critical aspect for creating a long-term shareholder value in the increasingly resource constrained global environment. 2. These factors are associated with opportunities as well as risks which are very important for companies to address in the coming times. The megatrends pertaining to sustainability is changing the way in which business is being done and it is something which is having a measurable impact over the entire business structures. The long term challenges concerning the companies is in regards with the resource scarcity, demographic shifts as well as the climatic changes which are redefining several elements. These include the expectations of citizens, public policies, regulatory frameworks and largely the environment in which the business operates. To the positive side, these challenges are creating newer opportunities and creating newer risks which needs to be addressed in order to remain competitive in the coming decades. It is believed that the companies which are quick to anticipate and hence manage the current as well as future economic, environmental, as well as social opportunities are more likely emerge winners with competitive advantage over its competitors (Leuphana 2002). Thus the quality of companys strategy and management along with its performance in dealing with opportunities as well as risks derived our of economic, environmental as well as social developments could be quantified and hence used for identifying as well as selecting the leading companies for investment purposes. Sustainability approach and strategic planning Sustainability approach to business becomes strategic when it gets integrated with the fabric of organizational planning as well as the management process. The two areas where sustainability needs to be highlighted is organizational high level strategic themes and the strategic objectives which are strategic building blocks of the strategy. The strategic theme is referred to as the pillar of strategy which directly supports the achievements of mission and vision of any organization. A good strategic theme is not only a particular objective but is a linked set of objectives which touch each areas of the management. The entire set of linked objectives tell a story of the strategy and forms the basis of communicating the entire story to everyone in a consistent manner (UNEP n.d.). Most of the organizations today have a set of common strategic themes or focus areas which comprise of: Operational Excellence Product Innovation Strategic Partnering Sustainability is also a part of the entire theme which comes with 4 perspectives towards strategic planning: 1. As a part of financial standpoint, sustainability refers to being in the business and creating a good return for the investors 2. For customers and stakeholders, sustainability refers to the goal of satisfying as well as providing value for the increasing number of safety and the sustainability conscious customers. 3. As far as the process is concerned, sustainability refers to management of materials, energy, and waste in the best eco-efficient manner possible (CEDC 2013). 4. Lastly, for organizational capacity, sustainability is referred to as creation of culture which values sustainability and is reflected over the choices employees have to make each day. The second pillar i.e. Strategic Objectives are referred to as the building blocks of strategic themes which help in making strategy actionable for the employees. These objectives are expressed in a continuous set of improvement activities which are unique to each and every perspective as well as the strategic attitudes. All the strategic objectives are linked in a collective manner for forming a strategy map which shows how the objectives work together in an integrated manner, and cause as well as effect the fashion for achieving best strategic results related to the strategic themes (NBS n.d.). Sustainability and relation to the corporate culture Creation of strong focus on sustainability with corporate culture is believed to align the employees within an organization for developing eco-efficient products. It also facilitates making more partners with regulators and reducing the life cycle impact of the operations. Further, organizations are aided to build newer information technologies which help in tracking life cycle impacts in a far more effective manner. If companies are able to produce eco-efficient products, they would be able to provide value to increase the number of green customers in their markets which eventually would lead to increase in sales. This capability of partnering would enable the organizations to communicate in a proactive manner with the regulatory community and thus allow them to be an active player instead of responding in a reactive manner to directives. It would hence reduce the risks associated with the business to a considerable level (IISD n.d.). Additionally, ecologically safe products are expected to reduce the potential product liability risk which would have a positive impact over the cost of capital for any company. Hence, a reduced life cycle would mean that there is a substantial cost savings in terms of fuel, water, electricity and the waste disposal. Therefore, when the aspect of sustainability gets integrated in the corporate culture a firm would be able to increase its revenues, reduce the risks and further reduce the costs which eventually would lead towards profitability. Moreover, a company which is more conscious and shows efforts of creating as sustainable environment is more likely to attract its employees and meet their desired expectations. It helps in reduction of employee turnover and hence the costs involved in recruitment selection and training and development for the organization. Sustainability and its contribution to value chain of an organization Value Chain Sustainability is simply defined as environmental, social as well as economic impacts which encourages good governance practices in the entire life cycle of goods and services. The primary objective of creating this approach is to protect and grow a long term environmental, social and economic value for the stakeholders who are involved to bring products as well as services in the market. Today organizations are less known to undertake sustainability measures as a cost center. MNCs across the world are more inclined to take actions for improving the social as well as environmental impacts by their value chain (Air CCSE n.d.). It is expected that immense business value could be added as well as shared by comprehensive and integrated approaches for sustainable value chain. Some of the very important reasons which is usually common across organizations are: 1. Cost efficiencies: To work with suppliers and contractors both up and downstream for improving efficiencies in resource consumption. Further it requires them to drive out process inefficiencies which are a result to cost savings and helps to improve performance of the operations of the business. 2. Opening to new markets: The result of cost efficiencies offers the opportunity for growing to both the company and its suppliers. 3. Managing Risks: With creation of a clean and green value chain, regulatory, operational and reputational risks are easier to manage. 4. Sustainable Brand Equity: Both demands as well as expectations of external stakeholders including the regulators, investors, customers as well as civil societies has increased as they are expecting a much more responsible conduct and transparency from the organizations. Any kind of questionable act from the organizations in any of their life cycles could adversely impact the growth in sales, legal tangles and primarily the image of the organization (BSR 2013). Keeping in mind the above reasons, organizations need to develop and evolve in the direction to creating a better environment, better products and services. A socially conscious organization is more prone to get attracted by customers if it shows the amount of care they have for the societies, environment and needs. Sustainable Approach to Management and Corporate Social Responsibility At most of the bigger organizations, CSR forms an integral element for their reputation and a means to show their concerns towards the societies they cater to. However, for micro and small organizations, it is emerging as a key element of success where Corporate Social Responsibility is referred to as a pillar to Corporate Sustainability. It is believed that CSR as a social strand in tri-dimensional model of Corporate Sustainability. As put forward by Ebner and Baumgartner (2006), they recommend Sustainable Development at macro level while at micro level Corporate Sustainability encompasses the economic, ecological and social pillars. As per their research, CSR was modelled as a social pillar to Corporate Sustainability. Another research by Sharma and Rudd (2003) has pointed out that academicians who are studying Corporate Sustainability usually focus on environmental issues while the ones who study CSR focus on social and ethical issues. However, their theory argues around the point that Corporate Sustainability is a broader concept and the social aspects are incorporate within it. This reflects that it encompasses CSR as the social dimension of sustainable framework (SHRM n.d.). There is a division of study which has also presented some contrary arguments which has resulted in confusion at different levels. For instance, Gallego (2006) had explained CSR to be a tool for measuring Sustainable Development with respect to economic, social and environmental aspects. He had added that Corporate Sustainability gets measured by reporting of these aspects. However, on most occasions Sustainability has been used as a synonym for other concepts like Sustainable Developments and Corporate Social Responsibility (Upenn 2011). We can consider Sustainable approach to business management as a redefined version of Corporate Sustainability. However, as discussed above, there are certain differences among the two concepts. But in present environments where the business has gone dynamic to get the competitive edge, it seems evident that sustainable approach to management needs to be integrated with Corporate Social Responsibility. We could conclude and say that although, CSR an d sustainable approach to business management have been coined based on different philosophies at the early stages, they come with their own set of common issues. Both of them cover the social, economic and the environmental divisions (Harshakumari Sarvaiya Minyu Wu 2014). Conclusion After understanding the importance of sustainable approach to business management and its links with key dimensions of the growing processes and activities within the organization it is clear that corporate sustainability would be an integral part of company policies and strategies in the coming years. The relevance is pretty similar in the environment where business are growing more global than ever before. SMEs, micro sector companies or MNCs, each of them are preparing a separate set of policies to adhere by the increasing demands of sustainable operations within the business. A key stress has been laid upon implementing such strategies which are not against the sustainability dimension. The reason for such change in planning and importance is due to the fact that global customers have become more aware and competition has increased drastically. In order to survive each and every company has to ensure that it does not do any damage to the basic elements of the society, environment and the sentiments of its customers. References Cran Field 2009, Measuring Business Valueand Sustainability Performance, accessed on 22nd January 2015, Leuphana 2002, Concepts and Instruments for Sustainable Organisation Development, accessed on 22nd January 2015, UNEP A Life Cycle Approach: How Business uses it, accessed on 22nd January 2015, CEDC 2013, Advantages and disadvantages of the strategic management in the current economic context, accessed on 22nd January 2015, NBS, Embedding Sustainability in organizational Culture, accessed on 22nd January 2015, IISD, Business strategies for sustainable development, accessed on 22nd January 2015, Air CCSE, Supply Chain Sustainability, accessed on 22nd January 2015, BSR 2013, Achieving Sustainable Development through Value Chain, accessed on 22nd January 2015, SHRM, HRMs Role in Corporate Social and Environmental Sustainability, accessed on 22nd January 2015, Upenn 2011, Defining Corporate Social Responsibility: A Systems Approach For Socially Responsible Capitalism, accessed on 22nd January 2015, Harshakumari Sarvaiya Minyu Wu (2014), An integrated Approach for Corporate Social responsibility and Corporate Sustainability, Asian Social Science; Vol. 10, No. 17; 2014

IT free essay sample

The definition used here is much broader. It encompasses any career In which the worker is awarded a degree of autonomy In return for services to the public that are performed at a high level. According to this definition, it is within the power if the individual worker to behave like a professional should she or he chooses to do so. The phrases services to the public and performed at a high level are similar to the characteristics of a profession identified by Bayle.The definitions do not, however, fully agree; the definition used by the Good Works Project would include a umber of occupations that lack Baileys necessary attributes. Reflection Questions: 1 . Would an occupation that had Baileys three required attributes plus the three additional attributes Bayle considers common to most professions necessarily be a profession according to the definition used by the Good Works Project? Explain. 2. Is the weather person on the local television station a professional according to either Bayle of the Good Works Projects? Explain. We will write a custom essay sample on IT or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A Moral Basis for Professions 1 OFF nail down the particular attributes of a profession. Instead, he defines profession in terms of moral issues (3); A profession is a number of individuals in the same occupation voluntary organized to earn a living by openly serving a certain moral ideal in a morally permissible way beyond what law, market, and morality would otherwise require. This definition requires a little explanation. First of all, recall that morally permissible, defined in the previous chapter, refers to something that is either explicitly moral or morally neutral. Now lets consider the term moral ideal. According to Davis: A moral ideal is a state of affairs that, though nor morally required, everyone (that is, very rational person at his/her rational best) wants everyone else to approach, all else being equal. Moreover, everyone wants that so much that they are willing to reward, assist, or at least praise such conduct if that is the price for others to do the same. Conversely, anyone violating the moral ideal is disproved of, criticized and discouraged from such behavior. It must be morally permissible, but not necessarily morally required.Now lets consider some points worth nothing about Davits definitions. First, a profession is necessarily linked with a code of ethics: It is impossible to satisfy the definition of profession without (something like) a code of ethics, impossible to teach professionalism without teaching the code (at least implicitly), and indeed impossible to understand professions without understanding them as bound by su ch a code. Without a code of ethics, there are only (more or less) honest occupations, trade associations and the like. There are no professions.Another aspect of Davits definition is less obvious and does not appear in any of he previous definitions: a professional puts profession first. That is, when a conflict arises between the professionals code and the policy of an employer or perhaps even the law, the professionals code must take precedence. That is why a Journalist feels she must choose to go to Jail rather than reveal the identity of a source, or why a doctor in a country that does not recognize doctor-patient privilege may do the same if confronted with a choice of violating doctor-patient privilege or going to prison.Finally, notice that Davits definition does not require the code of ethics to enforced by the group or by some authority. In the case of law and medicine, the rules (or at least some of the rules) are enforced by the law as well as by professional code, the code has no true value. However, having people declare their intention to follow a code having them promise, in effect is a well known mechanism for affecting their behavior.Wedding vows, the Hippocratic Oath and the oath of office taken by certain government officials are all meaningful, even though the actual conditions included in the declarations are not directly enforced. If you and I sit own to a game of checkers, there is no external authority to appeal to for a rule judgment, yet the rules of the game are important. Similarly, a code of ethics, if accepted by all the members of a profession, can be important independent of am enforcement mechanism.The occupations associated with computing that we often call profession are not, with the possible exception of software engineering, professions under Davits definition. They do qualify as professions in the sense put forward by Fisherman and her colleagues, but a profession in their model need not follow any specified code or ethical conduct as would be required by Davis. This may change as time goes on. Furthermore, it leaves open the following question: should the computing professions be changed to fall in line with Davits definition? . When students enter a university or colleges, they are commonly presented with the universitys requirements for student conduct. Suppose a student argues that (1) the university requirements define a code of conduct for students, (2) the requirements and hence the code is morally permissible, (3) students enter the university voluntarily and (4) the students are there in order to become qualified for a job, therefore the code is, by Davits definition, a professional code of ethics and being a university student is a profession.

Scholarship Essay Samples For College Students

Scholarship Essay Samples For College StudentsWhen it comes to writing a scholarship essay, many students are dismayed to find that most scholarship programs do not allow for them to include a written sample as part of their application. These students often feel as if their application is simply too basic and that they cannot use other samples in place of one that is already available to them. If you do have questions about the correct way to format your essay or need help writing one, there are a few essay samples for college students.There are a number of internet sites that provide formatting tips and samples of other's essay examples. Students can find these helpful guides in order to avoid a lengthy search for one that will not be useful to them. Even if they decide to work with an essay sample online, they can still use it as a resource for referencing until they find the right one for them.Another good example of a writing service that will offer a scholarship essay sample fo r free is the Scholarship Scribe. This service offers an archive of essays and the source of those essays is the website ScholarshipScribe.com. They offer writing samples of all different types, from general essay topics to specific scholarship essays.For the writing service of your choice, there are essay samples for college students available through several of the major service providers. The scholarship word companies offer an entire directory of different writing services on their website. While some writers may find this impressive, it may be best to go directly to the web site of the individual company to find this type of service.You can also check out the main writing service by either going directly to their website or by using the resource links in their contact form. Once there, choose to 'Create a Free Profile' to let the writers know that you would like to provide a written sample. In return, they will offer you a scholarship essay sample for free!A final way to find a variety of essay samples for college students is by searching online. There are a variety of online websites and blog sites that specialize in different topics. Many of these resources are free to sign up for, so taking advantage of these is always an option.If none of these sources are a good resource for your needs, you can always ask the experts in the field for advice. These professionals, such as college teachers, college counselors, and instructors can offer tips and suggestions on how to write a scholarship essay. These professionals can even go so far as to write the essay for you, should that be something that you would prefer.Whether you want assistance in terms of writing samples or in researching the different kinds of scholarships that are available, there are plenty of resources available that are designed to help you write a scholarship essay. Finding the ones that are best suited to your needs can take some time, but the results can be worth it. Once you have found the right service, you can then focus on completing the job as quickly as possible.

The Spark of Macbeths Downfall Essay Example

The Spark of Macbeths Downfall Essay Men have always fallen from greatness due their greediness and ambitions. Humans have showed the obvious fall from grace, starting with the original sin of Eve; and following with its constant reoccurrence in our everyday lives. In the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, it clearly shows the negative impact of excess ambition. The witches, Lady Macbeth, and Macbeths own ambitions sparked Macbeths downfall.The three witches harvested the seed of ambition in Macbeth and foreshadowed the evil that shall follow, in this case Macbeth, by the contradictory saying, Fair is foul, and foul is fair (I, ii, 12). When greeting Macbeth they started out with the lines All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Glamis! /All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor! /All hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter. (I, iii, 47-49) These prophecies inspired Macbeth to think big, and fantasize for bigger fame and expansion of his title. As the witches prophesized Macbeths future success, they never specified how, or to what occasion his rank will excel, therefore, he took their prophecies and personalized them.Instead of waiting patiently for the prophecies to come true, Macbeths thirst for power over came his good judgment, and the witches reassurances made him believe he was unbeatable. The witches prophecies continued by presenting the three apparitions that gave Macbeth even more hope and confidence of his invincibility. As the first apparition, an armed Head, warned Macbeth to beware Macduff, (IV, I, 71) his fear of loosing all he has lusted for, and killed for, overtook him, and thats when he decided to secure his permanent position on the throne. Macbeth orders the killing of Macduffs wife, children, and servants, in the hope of ruining Macduffs strength. While, instead of weakening Macduff, the deaths only made Macduff stronger and helped him realize that Macbeths killing rampage wasnt going to stop.The second apparition, a bloody Child, reassured Macbeth that none of woman born/ Shall harm Macbeth. (IV, I, 79-80) which gave Macbeth all the security he needed, and due to the fact he had no one greater than him, he could treat Scotland however he pleased to. The final apparition, a Child crowned with a tree in his hand, reassured Macbeth of his permanent possession over the throne by telling him that Macbeth shall never vanquishd be until/ Great Birnam Wood to high Dunsinane Hill/ Shall come against him. (IV, I, 91-93) Macbeth, thinking that it would be impossible, was fully mesmerized by his confidence and didnt give the prophecies much thought. Macbeth fell into his tragic flaw of ambition and ignored the metaphorical meaning of the prophecy.As the witches awake Macbeths desires of greatness and power, Lady Macbeth leads him into committing murders, and fulfilling the witches prophecies. Lady Macbeth is depicted as a power hungry woman who, through her husband, gains the power she has thirsted for. She was the initial force to make this entire p lay roll along. Macbeth, even though he was not comfortable with where he was, he was at the stage of curiosity, not action. Once Macbeth returned home, his point of view changed completely by Lady Macbeths plans.Lady Macbeth, firstly questions his manliness once he disagrees with her or speaks his mind. It is her constant needling of Macbeth that pushes him towards the decision to kill Duncan, since her challenges towards him triggers, unconsciously, his want to prove her wrong. She is strong willed and knows her husband well enough to exploit his sensitivity about manliness. Lady Macbeth, employs emotional blackmail; From this time, / Such I account thy love (I, vii, 38-39). Lady Macbeth appears to be without a conscience but later on, as foreshadowed Fair is foul, and foul is fair (I, ii, 12); we find that she does indeed have a conscience, which ends up leading her to suicide.Although, some could argue that ambition is something one should be proud of, Macbeths desires are reach ed by wrongful methods. His confidence in the witches prophecies blinds him to the point that he does not see obvious danger in front of him. The admiration by his wife and the witches caused Macbeth to fantasize about over-achieving, and even after he had everything the three weird sisters promised him, he strived for more and more.Macbeths confidence built up throughout the play, and soon enough everything shred to pieces; When fighting Macduff, Macbeth states confidently that he bear[s] a charmed like which must not yield/ To one of woman born. (V, viii, 12-13) without realizing that the apparitions could play against him, again the matter of Fair is foul, and foul is fair (I, ii, 12) Not only did Macduff not come from a womans womb, but the prophecy, Macbeth shall never vanquishd be until / Great Birnam wood to high Dunsinane hill / Shall come against him. (IV, i. 92-94), was ignored by Macbeth, which lead him to fall into his tragic flaw of ambition and disregarded the metaphor ical meaning of the prophecy. Had Macbeth looked deeper into the prophecies and warnings, he could have been better prepared for the contradictory outcomes.Macbeths downfall was a combination of his own ambitions, Lady Macbeths influences, and the witches prophecies. Macbeth had a lot of nobility and ambitions prior to the witches forecasts, but the wicked sisters harvested his ambitions, and Lady Macbeths convincing words were enough to persuade Macbeth to commit deeds that lead both, Lord and Lady Macbeth to the grave. Macbeths nature seemed to be honest, but the darkness and inevitability of evil caught up to him and pulled him deeper until he was wrapped in his own doom.

The True Villian in Ethan Frome essays

The True Villian in Ethan Frome essays Edith Whartons Ethan Frome was a novel marred by tragic irony. Its main characters, Ethan, Mattie, and Zeena, are each consigned to a lifetime of misery and despair. They have no one else to blame but the evil villain of the story, which is a character that has drained the will of all who encounter it. This character is none other than the vile town of Starkfield itself. Starkfield is a fictitious town located in the state of Massachusetts. In the introductory chapter Harmon Gow, a village stalwart, remarks to the narrator: All the smart ones got away. Each year it is host to harsh winters and below average summers. Settings like these have been known to drive people to the brink. That is how it effects the main characters with Zenna in particular. After inhabiting Starkfield for a number of years she became a haggard woman whom Ethan disgusted. Ethan himself is affected by the morose scenery( although his despair stems mostly from Zeenas constant bickering ). Mattie, a young and vibrant character, isnt too much worse for wear when Zeena sends her away. She simply hadnt stayed long enough to experience the mental erosion caused by Starkfield. The solitary confinement is another aspect of Starkfield that has a withering affect upon the minds of our characters. The duration of a trip from the Frome household to town is many hours. The people you interact with are the ones you will see your whole life. On the rare occasion you happen to come across a newcomer, the reaction will usually be that of curious delight. That is the reaction Ethan has when he is forced to live with Mattie. Due to the extreme isolation he becomes afflicted with an obsession for Mattie. Zeena instantly becomes an inescapable object of revulsion for Ethan. The most critical toll Starkfeild exhumes from the main characters is one of imprisonment. In the final pages of the book is ousted by an enraged Zeena. Ethan, now...

HR Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HR - Coursework Example They include cost savings, increased globalization of the economy and labour market, potential to reduce adverse impact of protected groups, and to improve efficiency of hiring system (Chapman & Webster 2003). Additionally, human resource endeavours in selecting the most qualified person. However, the method of selecting such person has been shown to differ around the world. As a result, this is likely to reduce the performance of the human recruitment practices. The method of uniform selection of personnel remains disputed around the world. The article argue that what is best is to first understand the resemblance and dissimilarity of existing hiring practices in different nations (Huo, Huang & Napier 2002). This would help the human resource manager’s researchers to gain some insight. The article intention is to establish the differences that exist among nations in terms of general use of hiring practices. The article argues that few expects human resource managers all over the world to recruit employees in a similar. However, this is not the case as different approaches are used by organization of various nationalities (Huo et al. 2002). Moreover, the article argument is whether there are universally acceptable criteria that can be used universally by human resource for recruiting new employees. Moreover, the human resource managers are faced by challenges of expatriate selection. This has resulted from rise of cosmopolitan corporations. As a result, there has been increased awareness of the use of expatriate personnel and the importance of managing such a group. This uniqueness is in the government, private, and non-government sector. The article focus is on similarities or differences in expatriate’s management practices of organizations in these sectors. This is done with respect to the selection, preparation, management or support while overseas, and repatriation, of

Transformational leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Transformational leadership - Essay Example 38). The transactional leadership theory involves exchange between labour and rewards while the transformational leadership theory is mainly based on placing concern for intellectual stimulation, employees and offering vision to a group (Bass, Avolio and Atwater 2006, p. 99). James Macgregor Burns, who was a leadership expert, introduced transformational leadership theory concept. According to him, transformational leadership is manifested in a situation where a leaders and followers lead to the advancement of one another in motivation and morality (Bass and Riggio 2006, p. 64). A transformational leader uses different mechanisms to improve performance, morale and motivation of his followers. The mechanisms include being a good role model to followers which inspires them, having a connection to the followers’ self-identity, striving to understand weakness and strength of the followers and challenging followers to have more ownership of the business(Bass, Avolio and Atwater 2006, p, 94). Transformational leaders, foster moral values of loyalty, honesty, and fairness and at the same time they preserve end values of equality, justice and respect to human rights (Yates 2012, p.53). Transformational leaders have strong character and vision. This power helps them inspire their followers to change the perception, motivations and expectations to work toward the set purpose (Yukl 2009, p.28). The transformational leadership theory is based on the leadership trait;character and ability to bring about change through energized vision, articulation and challenging goals. For a leader to be considered transformational, he must be idealized in the sense that he is a moral exemplar of striving toward benefits of an organization, a team or a community (Sanders, Hopkins, and Geroy 2013, p. 21-31). The impact that the leader has on his followers’ performance and motivation is what determines